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- The voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive or stop is a rare consonant. Pharyngeal consonants are typically pronounced at two regions of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower region is epiglottal, so the upper region is often abbreviated as merely 'pharyngeal'. Among widespread speech sounds in the world's languages, the upper pharynx produces a voiceless fricative [ħ] and a voiced sound that ranges from fricative to (more commonly) approximant, [ʕ]. The epiglottal region produces the plosive [ʡ] as well as sounds that range from fricative to trill, [ʜ] and [ʢ]. Because the latter are most often trilled and rarely simply fricative, these consonants have been classified together as simply pharyngeal, and distinguished as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill. No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. The Nǁng language (Nǀuu) is claimed to have an upper pharyngeal place of articulation among its stops. Click consonants in Nǁng have a rear closure that is said to vary between uvular or upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type. However, if the place were truly pharyngeal, they could not occur as nasal clicks, which they do. Otherwise upper pharyngeal plosives are only known from disordered speech. The extIPA provides the letter ⟨𝼂⟩ (a turned small-capital ɢ), equivalent to IPA ⟨ɢ̠⟩, to transcribe such a voiced upper pharyngeal plosive. (en)
- 浊咽上塞音是一种罕见的辅音。 咽音通常可分为咽的上部和下部发音。下部即会厌音，因此上部一般简称为“咽音”。在世界语言广泛存在的音中，上咽部一般只有清擦音[ħ]和一个从擦音到（更常见的）近音的浊音[ʕ]。会厌区域产生塞音[ʡ]和介于擦音和颤音间的[ʜ]、[ʢ]。后一对常是颤音，很少是简单的擦音，因此这些辅音被简单归类为咽音，接着分为塞音、擦/近音、颤音等。 目前还没有任何一种语言有上咽塞音音位。据称在塞音中有上咽化。努语搭嘴音的后成阻部位中据说有个介于小舌和上咽之间的罕见成阻，取决于具体的搭嘴类型。然而，如果那里真的是咽音，就不可能是。 其他情况下，上咽塞音只能出现在言语失调中。例如，部分儿童言语中，上咽塞音作为避免塞音变为鼻音的补偿性后退。国际音标扩展提供的字母是⟨𝼂⟩(倒转的ɢ)，等效于IPA⟨ɢ̠⟩。 (zh)
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- Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive (en)
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- 浊咽上塞音是一种罕见的辅音。 咽音通常可分为咽的上部和下部发音。下部即会厌音，因此上部一般简称为“咽音”。在世界语言广泛存在的音中，上咽部一般只有清擦音[ħ]和一个从擦音到（更常见的）近音的浊音[ʕ]。会厌区域产生塞音[ʡ]和介于擦音和颤音间的[ʜ]、[ʢ]。后一对常是颤音，很少是简单的擦音，因此这些辅音被简单归类为咽音，接着分为塞音、擦/近音、颤音等。 目前还没有任何一种语言有上咽塞音音位。据称在塞音中有上咽化。努语搭嘴音的后成阻部位中据说有个介于小舌和上咽之间的罕见成阻，取决于具体的搭嘴类型。然而，如果那里真的是咽音，就不可能是。 其他情况下，上咽塞音只能出现在言语失调中。例如，部分儿童言语中，上咽塞音作为避免塞音变为鼻音的补偿性后退。国际音标扩展提供的字母是⟨𝼂⟩(倒转的ɢ)，等效于IPA⟨ɢ̠⟩。 (zh)
- The voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive or stop is a rare consonant. Pharyngeal consonants are typically pronounced at two regions of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower region is epiglottal, so the upper region is often abbreviated as merely 'pharyngeal'. Among widespread speech sounds in the world's languages, the upper pharynx produces a voiceless fricative [ħ] and a voiced sound that ranges from fricative to (more commonly) approximant, [ʕ]. The epiglottal region produces the plosive [ʡ] as well as sounds that range from fricative to trill, [ʜ] and [ʢ]. Because the latter are most often trilled and rarely simply fricative, these consonants have been classified together as simply pharyngeal, and distinguished as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill. (en)
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- Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive (en)
- 浊咽上塞音 (zh)
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