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- The Mexican Repatriation (Spanish: Repatriación mexicana) was the repatriation and deportation of Mexicans and Mexican Americans to Mexico from the United States during the Great Depression between 1929 and 1939. Estimates of how many were repatriated range from 355,000 to 1 million. Some scholars contend that the unprecedented number of repatriations between 1929 and 1933 were part of an “explicit Hoover administration policy". Herbert Hoover scapegoated Mexicans for the Great Depression, and instituted stricter immigration policies designed to free up jobs for Americans suffering financially. After Franklin D. Roosevelt became president, the rate of formal deportation and voluntary repatriation fell for all immigrants, but especially for Mexicans. The Franklin D. Roosevelt administration also instituted more lenient policies towards Mexican immigrants, especially for well-settled ones, even if some of them were technically illegal. An estimated forty to sixty percent of those repatriated were citizens of the United States - overwhelmingly children. While supported by the federal government, actual deportations and repatriations were largely organized and encouraged by city and state governments, often with support from local private entities. However, voluntary repatriation was far more common than formal deportation and federal officials were minimally involved. Some of the repatriates hoped that they could escape the economic crisis which was caused by the Great Depression. The government formally deported at least 82,000 people, with the vast majority occurring between 1930 and 1933 as part of Hoover's policy first mentioned in his 1930 State of the Union Address. The Mexican government also encouraged repatriation with the promise of free land. Many factors - poverty and unemployment caused by the Depression, threats from government officials, and promises from the Mexican government - led to people moving to Mexico.Widely scapegoated for exacerbating the overall economic downturn of the Great Depression, Mexicans were further targeted because of "the proximity of the Mexican border, the physical distinctiveness of mestizos, and easily identifiable barrios." Legal scholar Kevin Johnson has stated that the repatriation meets modern legal definitions of ethnic cleansing. (en)
- De Mexicaanse repatriatie (Engels: Mexican Repatriation) was de deportatie van een half miljoen Mexicanen en Mexicaans-Amerikanen uit de Verenigde Staten naar Mexico tussen 1931 en 1934. De repatriatie trof meer dan een derde van de Mexicanen in de Verenigde Staten en meer dan zestig procent van degenen die werden gedeporteerd waren geboren of anderszins legaal aanwezig in de Verenigde Staten. De repatriatie werd ingegeven door de Grote Depressie. De economische problemen en de grote werkloosheid wakkerden anti-Mexicaans sentiment aan. Veel Amerikanen beschouwden Mexicanen als ongewenste vreemdelingen die slechts hun werk afpakten en een belasting vormden voor de sociale diensten; ideeën die naklank vonden in eugenetische opvattingen. De reden dat Mexicanen meer dan andere groepen immigranten werden getroffen had vooral te maken met de nabijheid van Mexico, waardoor repatriatie eenvoudig was, en het feit dat velen van hen bij elkaar leefden in eenvoudig te identificeren wijken. De acties werden toegestaan door president Herbert Hoover en beëindigd door Franklin Roosevelt, hoewel individuele staten en lokale overheden er na Roosevelts intrekken van federale steun aan het programma er nog enige jaren mee doorgingen. In 2005 bood de staat Californië officieel haar excuses aan voor de repatriatie. (nl)
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