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- four main academic and artistic accomplishments required of the aristocratic ancient Chinese scholar-gentleman caste (en)
- štiri glavne akademske in umetniške veščine, ki so se pričakovale od starokitajske aristokratske kaste učenjakov in gospodov (sl)
- Künste im traditionellen China (de)
- ארבעה הישגים אקדמיים ואמנותיים עיקריים הנדרשים מהקאסטה הסינית העתיקה של מלומדים-ג'נטלמנים (iw)
- kvar aprobindaj artoj laŭ Konfuceismo: citro, goo, kaligrafio, pentrado (eo)
- 東アジアの文人・士大夫・官僚が嗜むべきとされた芸 (ja)
- disciplinas de la formación escolar china tradicional (es)
- 君子四艺 (zh)
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- Clunas, 135 (en)
- Defu & Tianzhang & Fairbairn, 1 (en)
- Tregear, 168 (en)
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- The most celebrated go manual is the Chinese Xuanxuan Qijing. It was published in 1349 by Yan Defu and Yan Tianzhang. The former was a strong go player and the latter a collector of old go books. They made a perfect team. The title of the book is literally The Classic of the Mystery of the Mysterious, but it is an allusion to Chapter 1 of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching where the reference goes on to say that the mystery of the mysterious is 'the gateway to all marvels'. I prefer that as a title, especially as it is made clear in the preface that this latter phrase is meant to be called to mind, and is meant to imply that the book offers the way to mastering marvels in the form of go tesujis. (en)
- The most valued of all art treasures in China have been examples of the writing of certain aristocrats from the fourth century CE, including casual notes exchanged between them. The process whereby this came about is a lengthy one. It had to do with religious developments in the third-seventh centuries. It was also connected intimately to the role of writing in upper class life, to notions of personality, and the visible expression of personality.[...] The notion of writing as an art form however probably does not appear until the early centuries of the common era. It is linked to the emergence of the idea of the artist as an individual whose personal qualities allow command of the technical resources to produce work of a higher quality and greater value [...] than that of the common run of writers. (en)
- The growing complexity of society at the end of the sixteenth century was reflected in an enriched cultural life in which heterogeneous tastes supported a wide variety of artists and craftsmen: the presence of foreigners at court and increasing affluence, which made the merchants independent of the court and of the official class, were only two of the many factors which nurtured artistic diversity. Individuality also began to be considered an important quality in the painter; indeed, a small group of artists were even known as the "individualists". (en)
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- Four arts (en)
- Quatre arts (Xina) (ca)
- Vier Künste (de)
- Cuatro artes (China) (es)
- Quattro arti (it)
- 琴棋書画 (ja)
- Vier kunsten (nl)
- Cztery sztuki (pl)
- De fyra konsterna (sv)
- 琴棋书画 (zh)
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