Vy Vato Sakelika was a nationalist secret society formed in Madagascar in 1913 by Hova Merina elites to inspire rebellion against French colonial rule on the island. The colonization of the Kingdom of Madagascar in 1896 prompted a popular uprising against the French, termed the Menalamba rebellion. Queen Ranavalona III, her husband and Prime Minister, Rainilaiarivony, and a core group of Hova courtiers were held responsible. Rainandriamampandry (the mayor of Toamasina) and several others were executed by firing squad, while the queen and prime minister were exiled. Members of the Protestant Hova elite, who had collectively formed the country's ruling class, were stripped of their privileges and property. Several other similar uprisings broke out in other parts of the island during the firs
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| - Vy Vato Sakelika (fr)
- ヴィ・ヴァトゥ・サケリカ (ja)
- Vy Vato Sakelika (en)
- Ви, вату, сакелика (ru)
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| - Vy Vato Sakelika est une société secrète malgache fondée en 1913 par des étudiants en médecine sur un programme nationaliste. Aussi connue sous ses initiales V.V.S. (Vy Vato Sakelika : Fer, Pierre, Ramification), elle recrute ses adhérents en grande partie chez les Mérinas, groupe sur lequel l'administration française coloniales s'appuyait depuis sa conquête et qui fournissait d'ailleurs l'essentiel des effectifs scolaires. Elle est fortement réprimée par les autorités coloniales en 1915, avec 223 arrestations, 41 peines de prison prononcées dont 8 à perpétuité. Plusieurs militants de l'association s'engagent dans l'armée française et prennent part à la Première Guerre mondiale pour éviter la répression. (fr)
- ヴィ・ヴァトゥ・サケリカ（ マダガスカル語: Vy Vato Sakelika ）は、1913年にマダガスカルにおいて、フランスの植民地支配への抵抗を鼓舞するために、というメリナ人エリートらが組織した、秘密結社である。 (ja)
- «Ви, ва́ту, саке́лика» (ВВС, Vy Vato Sakelika, V.V.S., на малагасийском языке — «железо, камень, ветвь») — антиколониальная организация (националистическое тайное общество), созданная на Мадагаскаре в 1913 году, чтобы вдохновить на восстание против французского колониального господства на острове. Основатели были выходцами из касты хува («простолюдины, свободные люди») народа мерина, учащимися медицинского училища Тананариве (современный Антананариву) и священниками, к которым позднее присоединились молодые представители других групп интеллигенции (врачи, журналисты, педагоги) из различных районов страны; создавая секции (сакелика) общества. (ru)
- Vy Vato Sakelika was a nationalist secret society formed in Madagascar in 1913 by Hova Merina elites to inspire rebellion against French colonial rule on the island. The colonization of the Kingdom of Madagascar in 1896 prompted a popular uprising against the French, termed the Menalamba rebellion. Queen Ranavalona III, her husband and Prime Minister, Rainilaiarivony, and a core group of Hova courtiers were held responsible. Rainandriamampandry (the mayor of Toamasina) and several others were executed by firing squad, while the queen and prime minister were exiled. Members of the Protestant Hova elite, who had collectively formed the country's ruling class, were stripped of their privileges and property. Several other similar uprisings broke out in other parts of the island during the firs (en)
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| - Vy Vato Sakelika est une société secrète malgache fondée en 1913 par des étudiants en médecine sur un programme nationaliste. Aussi connue sous ses initiales V.V.S. (Vy Vato Sakelika : Fer, Pierre, Ramification), elle recrute ses adhérents en grande partie chez les Mérinas, groupe sur lequel l'administration française coloniales s'appuyait depuis sa conquête et qui fournissait d'ailleurs l'essentiel des effectifs scolaires. Elle est fortement réprimée par les autorités coloniales en 1915, avec 223 arrestations, 41 peines de prison prononcées dont 8 à perpétuité. Plusieurs militants de l'association s'engagent dans l'armée française et prennent part à la Première Guerre mondiale pour éviter la répression. (fr)
- Vy Vato Sakelika was a nationalist secret society formed in Madagascar in 1913 by Hova Merina elites to inspire rebellion against French colonial rule on the island. The colonization of the Kingdom of Madagascar in 1896 prompted a popular uprising against the French, termed the Menalamba rebellion. Queen Ranavalona III, her husband and Prime Minister, Rainilaiarivony, and a core group of Hova courtiers were held responsible. Rainandriamampandry (the mayor of Toamasina) and several others were executed by firing squad, while the queen and prime minister were exiled. Members of the Protestant Hova elite, who had collectively formed the country's ruling class, were stripped of their privileges and property. Several other similar uprisings broke out in other parts of the island during the first decade of colonial rule. The execution and persecution of the Hova elite united this network of powerful Protestant Merina families against the colonial authorities. Protestant Minister Ravelojaona was among the first to publish editorials openly promoting the nationalist ideal; among his earliest and most influential pieces were those published under a series he entitled "Japan and the Japanese" that lauded the successful blending of tradition and modernity in the Meiji period. Shortly after these pieces were published, in July 1913 seven students at the medical school in Antananarivo founded Madagascar's first nationalist organization, the secret society Vy Vato Sakelika (VVS, "Iron, Stone, Network"). The group soon attracted diverse and large membership among the professional class, including Merina office workers, shop employees and primary school teachers. In this way, members of the former Hova elite formed the core membership of the VVS in its early period. Although the group occasionally presented itself as a cultural organization, it used the national press to call on the populace to sacrifice themselves for the freedom and dignity of the tanindrazana (land of their ancestors). As France entered World War I, these nationalist calls were seen as an affront that could not be tolerated. The French policy toward the VVS hardened in 1915 following a rumor of conspiracy against the state. Several members were arrested and sentenced to forced labor; they were eventually released in 1918 and pardoned in 1922. The colonial authorities cracked down on VVS members. Some were sent to prison on Nosy Lava, a small island off the southwest coast; others were dismissed from government positions or sentenced to hard labor. VVS was outlawed in early 1916 and a newspaper owned by VVS sympathizers was shut down. This harsh response forced into the open the debate about nationalism and equal rights for Malagasy people, leading to the flourishing of a nationalist movement across the island that cut across ethnic, religious and national divides. Many of these united behind Jean Ralaimongo, a former VVS leader who spearheaded the push for equal rights for Malagasy people. (en)
- ヴィ・ヴァトゥ・サケリカ（ マダガスカル語: Vy Vato Sakelika ）は、1913年にマダガスカルにおいて、フランスの植民地支配への抵抗を鼓舞するために、というメリナ人エリートらが組織した、秘密結社である。 (ja)
- «Ви, ва́ту, саке́лика» (ВВС, Vy Vato Sakelika, V.V.S., на малагасийском языке — «железо, камень, ветвь») — антиколониальная организация (националистическое тайное общество), созданная на Мадагаскаре в 1913 году, чтобы вдохновить на восстание против французского колониального господства на острове. Основатели были выходцами из касты хува («простолюдины, свободные люди») народа мерина, учащимися медицинского училища Тананариве (современный Антананариву) и священниками, к которым позднее присоединились молодые представители других групп интеллигенции (врачи, журналисты, педагоги) из различных районов страны; создавая секции (сакелика) общества. (ru)
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