The Renewable Energy Directive (RED), formally Directive 2009/28/EC, is a European Union directive that mandates levels of renewable energy use within the European Union from 2009 to 2021. The directive was published on 23 April 2009 and amends and repealed Directive 2001/77/EC. The directive required that 20 percent of the energy consumed within the European Union is renewable. This target is pooled among the member states. Directive (EU) 2018/2001 repeals Directive 2009/28/EC on 1 July 2021.