| rdfs:comment
| - Una pulpería era, hasta inicios del siglo XX, el establecimiento comercial típico de las distintas regiones de Hispanoamérica, encontrándose ampliamente extendida desde Centroamérica hasta los países del Cono Sur. Su origen data de mediados del siglo XVI y proveía todo lo que entonces era indispensable para la vida cotidiana: comida, bebidas, velas, carbón, remedios y telas, entre otros. (es)
- Pulperia was the name given to company stores and dining facilities in parts of South America, notably in the industries that extracted sodium nitrate from caliche deposits between 1850 and 1930 in Northern Chile in the current regions of Tarapaca and Antofagasta. The term was used in the Spanish colonial period in South America. The pulperia system remained in use by the copper mining industry for a limited time up until the 1990s. However, pulperias have since been eradicated in all the mining industries of Chile. (en)
- Uma pulpería era, até inícios do século XX, o estabelecimento comercial típico das diferentes regiões da Hispanoamérica, encontrando-se mercados do tipo desde a América Central até os países do Cone Sul. Suas origens datam de meados do século XVI, e elas proviam tudo o que então era indispensável para a vida cotidiana: comida, bebidas, velas, carvão, remédios e telas, entre outras coisas. Os estabelecimentos eram uma expressão da cultura local: no caso rioplatense, costumavam contar com uma ou duas guitarras para que os gaúchos tocassem e cantassem; ou organizassem bailes entre os paroquianos. (pt)
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| has abstract
| - Una pulpería era, hasta inicios del siglo XX, el establecimiento comercial típico de las distintas regiones de Hispanoamérica, encontrándose ampliamente extendida desde Centroamérica hasta los países del Cono Sur. Su origen data de mediados del siglo XVI y proveía todo lo que entonces era indispensable para la vida cotidiana: comida, bebidas, velas, carbón, remedios y telas, entre otros. También era el centro social de las clases sociales humildes y medias de la población; allí se reunían los personajes típicos de cada región a conversar y enterarse de las novedades. Las pulperías eran lugares donde se podía tomar bebidas alcohólicas y además se realizaban peleas de gallos, se jugaba a los dados, a los naipes, etc. Los establecimientos eran una viva expresión de la cultura local, como en el caso rioplatense, en donde solían contar con una o dos guitarras para que los gauchos "guitarreasen" y cantasen; o se organizaran payadas y bailes entre los parroquianos. (es)
- Pulperia was the name given to company stores and dining facilities in parts of South America, notably in the industries that extracted sodium nitrate from caliche deposits between 1850 and 1930 in Northern Chile in the current regions of Tarapaca and Antofagasta. The term was used in the Spanish colonial period in South America. In Tarapacá and Antofagasta, the settlements of the nitrate companies were called “Oficinas Salitreras” or “Saltpeter villages”, located on the large and arid Pampa del Tamarugal and Atacama Desert. Due to the extreme conditions of the desert, traveling and providing supplies across was difficult. Therefore, the companies founded small villages and provided lodging, water and food for their workers. These self-sufficient installations included areas for the extraction and processing of Niter, on-site mining center management, worker’s housing, pulperias, churches, schools, recreation centers, and entertainment. The pulperías were an establishment that combined the services of the general stores and the Wild West barroom of the United States in the nineteenth century. Instead of using normal currency, the payment system of the wages was through tokens to obtain food rations valid only in the company store.This system of tokens included fixed prices established by the company to guarantee social and labor benefits to their workers and maintain a certain level of labor stability. However, in the long term, the fixed price system was ineffective in controlling the rising inflation. Moreover, every pulperia had different tokens. More than 2000 different tokens from “oficinas salitreras” were known, forming one of the more interesting sets of mining numismatic at world-wide level. As a consequence, inconsistency in the token system and failures of the impracticality of the long term price fixed system forced the companies to change the token system to directly paying cash to the workers. These mining centers were home to thousands of workers and their families from Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina in the late 19th century and early 20th century. However, the exploitation of the natural resource of nitratine flourished between 1842 (when the usefulness of nitrate was discovered) and 1930 when synthetic nitrate was invented. With the declining sale of nitrate, most of these mining centers were abandoned, causing a massive exodus of workers and leaving lonely ghost towns in the desert. The pulperia system remained in use by the copper mining industry for a limited time up until the 1990s. However, pulperias have since been eradicated in all the mining industries of Chile. (en)
- Uma pulpería era, até inícios do século XX, o estabelecimento comercial típico das diferentes regiões da Hispanoamérica, encontrando-se mercados do tipo desde a América Central até os países do Cone Sul. Suas origens datam de meados do século XVI, e elas proviam tudo o que então era indispensável para a vida cotidiana: comida, bebidas, velas, carvão, remédios e telas, entre outras coisas. Também era o centro social das classes sociais baixas e médias da população; ali reuniam-se as personagens típicas da cada região. As pulperías eram lugares onde se podia consumir bebidas alcoólicas e assistir a brigas de galos, jogar dados, cartas, etc. Os estabelecimentos eram uma expressão da cultura local: no caso rioplatense, costumavam contar com uma ou duas guitarras para que os gaúchos tocassem e cantassem; ou organizassem bailes entre os paroquianos. (pt)
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