Progressive talk radio is a talk radio format devoted to expressing left-leaning, liberal or progressive viewpoints of news and issues as opposed to conservative talk radio. In the United States, the format has included syndicated and independent personalities such as Kyle Kulinski (Secular Talk), Niko House, Tim Black (TBTV), Jamarl Thomas (Fault Lines), Mike Figueredo (The Humanist Report), Thom Hartmann, Stephanie Miller, Norman Goldman, Randi Rhodes, Mike Malloy, Bill Press, Alan Colmes, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Mike Papantonio, Michael Brooks (deceased), Benjamin Dixon, David Pakman, Sam Seder (The Majority Report with Sam Seder), Leslie Marshall, John Fugelsang, Hal Sparks, Brad Friedman, Arnie Arnesen and Ed Schultz (deceased).