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The problem of two emperors or two-emperors problem (deriving from the German term Zweikaiserproblem) is the historiographical term for the historical contradiction between the idea of the universal empire, that there was only ever one true emperor at any one given time, and the truth that there were often multiple individuals who claimed the position simultaneously. The term is primarily used in regards to medieval European history and often refers to in particular the long-lasting dispute between the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople and the Holy Roman emperors in modern-day Germany and Austria as to which monarch represented the legitimate Roman emperor.

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  • Zweikaiserproblem (de)
  • Problema dei due imperatori (it)
  • 두 황제 문제 (ko)
  • Problem of two emperors (en)
  • 雙帝問題 (zh)
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  • Das Zweikaiserproblem kennzeichnet den Widerspruch zwischen dem universalen Anspruch des Kaisertums, wonach es der Idee nach nur einen Kaiser geben durfte, und der realen Tatsache, dass mehrere Personen diesen Titel für sich beanspruchten. Im engeren Sinne bezeichnet es den Streit, der sich nach der Kaiserkrönung Karls des Großen durch den Papst im Jahr 800 zwischen dem so etablierten westlichen Kaisertum und den Kaisern des Byzantinischen Reiches ergab. (de)
  • 雙帝問題(英語:problem of two emperors,源自德語 Zweikaiserproblem)是一個歷史學術語,用於描述普世帝國概念之中的歷史矛盾,即在任何一個給定的時間裡只有一個真正的皇帝,但是經常有兩個或更多的人聲稱具有該職位的法統並擔任此位。該詞語主要用於中世紀的歐洲,特別是常用於君士坦丁堡的拜占庭皇帝與德意志地區的神聖羅馬皇帝之間關於哪個皇帝代表合法的羅馬皇帝的長期爭論。 (zh)
  • The problem of two emperors or two-emperors problem (deriving from the German term Zweikaiserproblem) is the historiographical term for the historical contradiction between the idea of the universal empire, that there was only ever one true emperor at any one given time, and the truth that there were often multiple individuals who claimed the position simultaneously. The term is primarily used in regards to medieval European history and often refers to in particular the long-lasting dispute between the Byzantine emperors in Constantinople and the Holy Roman emperors in modern-day Germany and Austria as to which monarch represented the legitimate Roman emperor. (en)
  • Il problema dei due imperatori (in tedesco Zweikaiserproblem) è un termine storiografico usato soprattutto per indicare la disputa tra gli Imperatori romani d'Oriente e gli Imperatori del Sacro Romano Impero per il titolo di legittimo Imperatore romano. (it)
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