Ortogh, also ortoq (Turkic: ortaq; Mongolian: ортог; Chinese: wotuo 斡脱; Persian: urtak) was a merchant partnered with the state and individual aristocrats in the Mongol Empire. The term derived from the Turkic word ortak, meaning "partner." The institution allowed merchants to pool their resources and thereby reduce the risk of failed caravans, allowing for the expansion of long-distance trade and a substantial reduction in its costs.
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| - オルトク (ja)
- Ortogh (en)
- 斡脱 (zh)
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| - オルトク（Ortogh）、オルタック、または斡脱（あつだつ）とは、トルコ語で「仲間」「友」「パートナー」を意味する共同出資の組織。元朝支配下の中国で支配機構の一翼を担い、ムスリムの特権御用商人によって構成された。モンゴルが一時代を形成した13世紀後半から14世紀中葉にかけての特異な商業形態のひとつ。オルトクをあらわす漢語「斡脱」は、トルコ語発音を漢字で音写したものである。 (ja)
- 斡脱，是與蒙古帝國合作的商人和放債人的稱呼。 該術語來自突厥語詞ortak，意為“夥伴”。因蒙古人有錢但不善經商，所以選擇與色目人商人合作減輕風險，而商人也可集中資源經營降低成本。 當成吉思汗讓他的家人和軍事指揮官選擇穆斯林（主要是畏兀兒人或中亞人）為貿易目的交予金銀錠時，斡脱制度就開始了。商人通常會獲得非常高的佣金，只要他們不干涉蒙古人的軍事行動，就可以使用官方驛站。蒙古人也會向商人提供低息貸款。1268年，忽必烈汗建立了監督斡脱的總監，以低利率借錢給他們。 斡脱商人因其特殊待遇和高利率貸款而在中國人中享有很差的聲譽，王惲批評了斡脫的特權，特別是攜帶武器的權利 。在明朝，斡脫這個詞不再具有特殊意義，僅僅意味著商人。 (zh)
- Ortogh, also ortoq (Turkic: ortaq; Mongolian: ортог; Chinese: wotuo 斡脱; Persian: urtak) was a merchant partnered with the state and individual aristocrats in the Mongol Empire. The term derived from the Turkic word ortak, meaning "partner." The institution allowed merchants to pool their resources and thereby reduce the risk of failed caravans, allowing for the expansion of long-distance trade and a substantial reduction in its costs. (en)
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| - Ortogh, also ortoq (Turkic: ortaq; Mongolian: ортог; Chinese: wotuo 斡脱; Persian: urtak) was a merchant partnered with the state and individual aristocrats in the Mongol Empire. The term derived from the Turkic word ortak, meaning "partner." The institution allowed merchants to pool their resources and thereby reduce the risk of failed caravans, allowing for the expansion of long-distance trade and a substantial reduction in its costs. The institution of ortogh began when Chinggis Khan had his family members and military commanders select Muslims, mainly Uyghurs or West Turkistanis, to entrust with gold and silver ingots for trade purposes. The merchants were usually offered very high commissions and permitted to use official relay stations as long as they did not interfere with military actions. The Mongols also offered low-interest loans to merchants if they belonged to an ortogh. In 1268, Kublai Khan created the General Administration for the Supervision of Ortogh to lend them money at low interest. The Mongols adopted and developed the concepts of liability in relation to investments and loans in Mongol–ortoq partnerships, promoting trade and investment to facilitate the commercial integration of the Mongol Empire. The contractual features of a Mongol-ortoq partnership closely resembled that of qirad and commenda arrangements, however, Mongol investors used metal coins, paper money, gold and silver ingots and tradable goods for partnership investments and primarily financed money-lending and trade activities. Moreover, Mongol elites formed trade partnerships with merchants from Eastern, Central and Western Asia, and Europe, including Marco Polo’s family. Ortogh merchants had a low reputation among Chinese for their special treatment and their moneylending at high interest rates. Wang Yun was critical of the special privileges of the ortogh, in particular the right to bear arms. By the Ming dynasty, the word ortogh no longer had a special meaning and simply meant merchant. (en)
- オルトク（Ortogh）、オルタック、または斡脱（あつだつ）とは、トルコ語で「仲間」「友」「パートナー」を意味する共同出資の組織。元朝支配下の中国で支配機構の一翼を担い、ムスリムの特権御用商人によって構成された。モンゴルが一時代を形成した13世紀後半から14世紀中葉にかけての特異な商業形態のひとつ。オルトクをあらわす漢語「斡脱」は、トルコ語発音を漢字で音写したものである。 (ja)
- 斡脱，是與蒙古帝國合作的商人和放債人的稱呼。 該術語來自突厥語詞ortak，意為“夥伴”。因蒙古人有錢但不善經商，所以選擇與色目人商人合作減輕風險，而商人也可集中資源經營降低成本。 當成吉思汗讓他的家人和軍事指揮官選擇穆斯林（主要是畏兀兒人或中亞人）為貿易目的交予金銀錠時，斡脱制度就開始了。商人通常會獲得非常高的佣金，只要他們不干涉蒙古人的軍事行動，就可以使用官方驛站。蒙古人也會向商人提供低息貸款。1268年，忽必烈汗建立了監督斡脱的總監，以低利率借錢給他們。 斡脱商人因其特殊待遇和高利率貸款而在中國人中享有很差的聲譽，王惲批評了斡脫的特權，特別是攜帶武器的權利 。在明朝，斡脫這個詞不再具有特殊意義，僅僅意味著商人。 (zh)
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