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The New Policies (Chinese: 新法; pinyin: xīnfǎ), also known as Xining Reforms (熙寧變法; Xining being the first era name used by Emperor Shenzong), Xifeng Reforms (熙豐變法; Xifeng being the portmanteau of the two era names used by Emperor Shenzong, Xining and Yuanfeng) or Wang Anshi Reforms (王安石變法), were a series of reforms initiated by the Northern Song dynasty politician Wang Anshi when he served as minister under Emperor Shenzong from 1069–1076. The policies were in force until the emperor's death, then repealed, then enacted again and were a focus of court politics until the end of the Northern Song. In some ways, it continued the policies of the aborted Qingli Reforms from two decades earlier.

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  • New Policies (Song dynasty) (en)
  • 熙寧變法 (zh)
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  • The New Policies (Chinese: 新法; pinyin: xīnfǎ), also known as Xining Reforms (熙寧變法; Xining being the first era name used by Emperor Shenzong), Xifeng Reforms (熙豐變法; Xifeng being the portmanteau of the two era names used by Emperor Shenzong, Xining and Yuanfeng) or Wang Anshi Reforms (王安石變法), were a series of reforms initiated by the Northern Song dynasty politician Wang Anshi when he served as minister under Emperor Shenzong from 1069–1076. The policies were in force until the emperor's death, then repealed, then enacted again and were a focus of court politics until the end of the Northern Song. In some ways, it continued the policies of the aborted Qingli Reforms from two decades earlier. (en)
  • 北宋中葉以後，內部方面，政府官员数目持續增加：真宗景德年间（1004年－1007年）内外官已达一万之巨，冗官造成巨大的财政危机，也严重影响了行政效率，导致北宋官僚机构持续膨胀，甚至于出现了“一官三人共之”的局面，人民生活壓力更加沉重，以至于“死者道路积，城市接田野”。人民受高利贷和大地主层层盘剥，最终导致“公私之债，交争互夺，帛未下机，谷未离场，已非己有”。人民生活困顿，而官府却“暴敛不暂息”。政府却仍不限制地主阶级实行的大规模土地兼并，以至于富者有产而无税，贫者产去而税存。人民生活更加痛苦。最终激起了一系列民变：真宗朝有李顺、张余等领导益州贼乱，之後持續爆發小規模的匪乱，“一年多如一年，一火（伙）强如一火”。英宗治平二年，北宋的年财政收入为116,138,405，支出却达131,864,452之巨，很明显是入不敷出。外部方面，由于实行“兵无常将，将不专兵”的更戍法，导致北宋军队指挥系统极度混乱，战斗力低下，在和辽与西夏的战争中败多胜少，民族矛盾日趋激化。为了应对同辽、西夏等少数民族政权的大规模战争，以及缓和人民内部矛盾，北宋政府常在荒年招收流民入伍，以至于北宋兵力臃肿，到仁宗朝西夏事起，总兵力已达一百二十五万之巨，形成所谓“冗兵”问题，巨大的军费支出更是令北宋政府捉襟见肘。 (zh)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Wang_Anshi_2.jpg
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  • 新法 (en)
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  • xīnfǎ (en)
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  • The New Policies (Chinese: 新法; pinyin: xīnfǎ), also known as Xining Reforms (熙寧變法; Xining being the first era name used by Emperor Shenzong), Xifeng Reforms (熙豐變法; Xifeng being the portmanteau of the two era names used by Emperor Shenzong, Xining and Yuanfeng) or Wang Anshi Reforms (王安石變法), were a series of reforms initiated by the Northern Song dynasty politician Wang Anshi when he served as minister under Emperor Shenzong from 1069–1076. The policies were in force until the emperor's death, then repealed, then enacted again and were a focus of court politics until the end of the Northern Song. In some ways, it continued the policies of the aborted Qingli Reforms from two decades earlier. (en)
  • 北宋中葉以後，內部方面，政府官员数目持續增加：真宗景德年间（1004年－1007年）内外官已达一万之巨，冗官造成巨大的财政危机，也严重影响了行政效率，导致北宋官僚机构持续膨胀，甚至于出现了“一官三人共之”的局面，人民生活壓力更加沉重，以至于“死者道路积，城市接田野”。人民受高利贷和大地主层层盘剥，最终导致“公私之债，交争互夺，帛未下机，谷未离场，已非己有”。人民生活困顿，而官府却“暴敛不暂息”。政府却仍不限制地主阶级实行的大规模土地兼并，以至于富者有产而无税，贫者产去而税存。人民生活更加痛苦。最终激起了一系列民变：真宗朝有李顺、张余等领导益州贼乱，之後持續爆發小規模的匪乱，“一年多如一年，一火（伙）强如一火”。英宗治平二年，北宋的年财政收入为116,138,405，支出却达131,864,452之巨，很明显是入不敷出。外部方面，由于实行“兵无常将，将不专兵”的更戍法，导致北宋军队指挥系统极度混乱，战斗力低下，在和辽与西夏的战争中败多胜少，民族矛盾日趋激化。为了应对同辽、西夏等少数民族政权的大规模战争，以及缓和人民内部矛盾，北宋政府常在荒年招收流民入伍，以至于北宋兵力臃肿，到仁宗朝西夏事起，总兵力已达一百二十五万之巨，形成所谓“冗兵”问题，巨大的军费支出更是令北宋政府捉襟见肘。 神宗熙宁元年（1068年），新即位的宋神宗问王安石：「当今治国之道，当以何为先？」王安石答：「以择术为始。」熙宁二年（1069年），宋神宗问王安石：「不知卿所施设，以何为先？」王安石答：「变风俗，立法度，方今所急也。凡欲美风俗，在长君子、消小人，以礼义廉耻由君子出故也……」同年二月，王安石開始推行新法，採取一系列改革措施。翰林學士范鎮認為，實行青苗法是變富人之多取而少取之，然「少取與多取，猶五十步與百步」。七、八月間，范純仁上書神宗，公開指責安石「掊克財利」、舍「堯舜知人安民之道」；御史中丞呂誨上書彈劾王安石巧詐，說他「置諸宰輔，天下必受其禍」。仁宗庆历三年（1043年）九月，参知政事范仲淹等人上呈《答手诏条陈十事》，进行改革。一年又四个月后，庆历新政宣告失败。但庆历新政却为王安石变法提供了相当的基础。 (zh)
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