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In the People's Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping formally retired after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, to be succeeded by former Shanghai CCP secretary Jiang Zemin. During that period, also known as Jiangist China, the crackdown of the protests in 1989 led to great woes in China's reputation globally, and sanctions resulted. The situation, however, would eventually stabilize. Deng's idea of checks and balances in the political system also saw its demise with Jiang consolidating power in the party, state and military. The 1990s saw healthy economic development, but the closing of state-owned enterprises and increasing levels of corruption and unemployment, along with environmental challenges continued to plague China, as the country saw the rise to consumerism, crime, and

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  • تاريخ جمهورية الصين الشعبية (1989–2002) (ar)
  • Sejarah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (1989-2002) (in)
  • History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002) (en)
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  • في جمهورية الصين الشعبية، تنحى دنغ شياوبنغ رسميًا بعد تظاهرات ميدان تيانانمن عام 1989، ليخلفه عمدة شنغهاي السابق جيانغ زيمين. أدت حملة القمع في عام 1989 إلى مضار جسيمة في سمعة الصين على الصعيد العالمي، وأدى ذلك إلى فرض عقوبات. لكن الوضع استقر في نهاية المطاف. شهدت فكرة دنغ حول الضوابط والموازين في النظام السياسي، الزوال من خلال تعزيز جيانغ لسلطة الحزب والدولة والجيش. شهدت تسعينيات القرن العشرين تطورًا اقتصاديًا سليمًا، لكن إغلاق الشركات المملوكة من قِبل الدولة وارتفاع مستويات الفساد والبطالة إلى جانب التحديات البيئية، استمر في إضعاف الصين، إذ شهدت البلاد تزايدًا في النزعة الاستهلاكية والجريمة والحركات الروحية الدينية الحديثة مثل الفالون غونغ. شهدت تسعينيات القرن العشرين أيضًا نقلًا سلميًا لهونغ كونغ وماكاو إلى السيادة الصينية في إطار صيغة بلد واحد، نظامان مختلفان. شهدت الصين أيضًا موجة جدي (ar)
  • In the People's Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping formally retired after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, to be succeeded by former Shanghai CCP secretary Jiang Zemin. During that period, also known as Jiangist China, the crackdown of the protests in 1989 led to great woes in China's reputation globally, and sanctions resulted. The situation, however, would eventually stabilize. Deng's idea of checks and balances in the political system also saw its demise with Jiang consolidating power in the party, state and military. The 1990s saw healthy economic development, but the closing of state-owned enterprises and increasing levels of corruption and unemployment, along with environmental challenges continued to plague China, as the country saw the rise to consumerism, crime, and (en)
  • Setelah peristiwa unjuk rasa Lapangan Tiananmen 1989, Deng Xiaoping secara resmi pensiun dan digantikan oleh mantan Wali Kota Shanghai Jiang Zemin. Tindakan keras pemerintah pada tahun 1989 tersebut, menyebabkan merosotnya reputasi Tiongkok secara global dan dijatuhi beberapa sanksi internasional. Namun, situasi berangsur-angsur kembali stabil. Gagasan Deng tentang "checks and balances" (pelaksana kekuasaan negara saling mengawasi dan mengontrol) dalam sistem politiknya juga ikut pensiun ketika Jiang mengonsolidasikan kekuasaan di partai, negara bagian dan militer. Tahun 1990-an, Tiongkok mengalami perkembangan ekonomi yang sehat, tetapi penutupan beberapa BUMN Tiongkok, korupsi, pengangguran, bersamaan dengan masalah lingkungan, selalu merongrong Tiongkok, ditambah dengan meningkatnya kon (in)
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  • China (en)
  • People's Republic of China (en)
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bandeira_do_Leal_Senado.svg
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  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_(1959–1997).svg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/China_Provincial_Migration.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Jiang_Zemin_2001.jpg
  • http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Shenzhen0.jpg
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