In radio communication, a ground dipole, also referred to as an earth dipole antenna, transmission line antenna, and in technical literature as a horizontal electric dipole (HED), is a huge, specialized type of radio antenna that radiates extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. It is the only type of transmitting antenna that can radiate practical amounts of power in the frequency range of 3 Hz to 3 kHz, commonly called ELF waves. A ground dipole consists of two ground electrodes buried in the earth, separated by tens to hundreds of kilometers, linked by overhead transmission lines to a power plant transmitter located between them. Alternating current electricity flows in a giant loop between the electrodes through the ground, radiating ELF waves, so the ground is part of the
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| - Bodendipol (de)
- Ground dipole (en)
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| - Ein Bodendipol ist eine spezielle Form einer Dipolantenne für die Übertragung von Funksignalen besonders auf extrem niedrigen Frequenzen, den Längstwellen oder noch tiefer (Extremely Low Frequency). Ein Bodendipol besteht aus einer in der Mitte aufgetrennten und dort gespeisten, symmetrischen elektrischen Leitung, deren äußere in möglichst großer gegenseitiger Entfernung liegende Enden möglichst niederohmig geerdet sind. (de)
- In radio communication, a ground dipole, also referred to as an earth dipole antenna, transmission line antenna, and in technical literature as a horizontal electric dipole (HED), is a huge, specialized type of radio antenna that radiates extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. It is the only type of transmitting antenna that can radiate practical amounts of power in the frequency range of 3 Hz to 3 kHz, commonly called ELF waves. A ground dipole consists of two ground electrodes buried in the earth, separated by tens to hundreds of kilometers, linked by overhead transmission lines to a power plant transmitter located between them. Alternating current electricity flows in a giant loop between the electrodes through the ground, radiating ELF waves, so the ground is part of the (en)
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| - Ein Bodendipol ist eine spezielle Form einer Dipolantenne für die Übertragung von Funksignalen besonders auf extrem niedrigen Frequenzen, den Längstwellen oder noch tiefer (Extremely Low Frequency). Ein Bodendipol besteht aus einer in der Mitte aufgetrennten und dort gespeisten, symmetrischen elektrischen Leitung, deren äußere in möglichst großer gegenseitiger Entfernung liegende Enden möglichst niederohmig geerdet sind. Bodendipole haben einen sehr geringen Wirkungsgrad (unter 1 %) und werden als Sendeantenne und nur dann verwendet, wenn herkömmliche Antennen aus wirtschaftlichen und technischen Gründen nicht realisiert werden können, z. B. wenn die sich aus der Wellenlänge ergebenden Antennengrößen zu groß für andere Bauformen sind. (de)
- In radio communication, a ground dipole, also referred to as an earth dipole antenna, transmission line antenna, and in technical literature as a horizontal electric dipole (HED), is a huge, specialized type of radio antenna that radiates extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. It is the only type of transmitting antenna that can radiate practical amounts of power in the frequency range of 3 Hz to 3 kHz, commonly called ELF waves. A ground dipole consists of two ground electrodes buried in the earth, separated by tens to hundreds of kilometers, linked by overhead transmission lines to a power plant transmitter located between them. Alternating current electricity flows in a giant loop between the electrodes through the ground, radiating ELF waves, so the ground is part of the antenna. To be most effective, ground dipoles must be located over certain types of underground rock formations. The idea was proposed by U.S. Dept. of Defense physicist Nicholas Christofilos in 1959. Although small ground dipoles have been used for years as sensors in geological and geophysical research, their only use as antennas has been in a few military ELF transmitter facilities to communicate with submerged submarines. Besides small research and experimental antennas, four full-scale ground dipole installations are known to have been constructed; two by the U.S. Navy at Republic, Michigan and Clam Lake, Wisconsin, one by the Russian Navy on the Kola peninsula near Murmansk, Russia, and one in India at the INS Kattabomman naval base. The U.S. facilities were used between 1985 and 2004 but are now decommissioned. (en)
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