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In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking is the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a chiral symmetry – usually by a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction. Yoichiro Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics for describing this phenomenon ("for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics").

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  • Chiral symmetry breaking (en)
  • 手徵對稱性破缺 (zh)
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  • In particle physics, chiral symmetry breaking is the spontaneous symmetry breaking of a chiral symmetry – usually by a gauge theory such as quantum chromodynamics, the quantum field theory of the strong interaction. Yoichiro Nambu was awarded the 2008 Nobel prize in physics for describing this phenomenon ("for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"). (en)
  • 在粒子物理學裏,手徵對稱性破缺(chiral symmetry breaking)指的是強相互作用的手徵對稱性被自發打破,是一種自發對稱性破缺。假若夸克的質量為零(這是手徵性(chirality)極限),則手徵對稱性成立。但是,夸克的實際質量不為零,儘管如此,跟強子的質量相比較,上夸克與下夸克的質量很小,因此可以視手徵對稱性為一種「近似對稱性」。 在量子色動力學的真空裏,夸克與反夸克彼此會強烈吸引對方,並且它們的質量很微小,生成夸克-反夸克對不需要用到很多能量,因此,會出現夸克-反夸克對的夸克-反夸克凝聚態,就如同在金屬超導體裏電子庫柏對的凝聚態一般。夸克-反夸克對的總動量與總角動量都等於零,總手徵荷不等於零,所以,夸克-反夸克凝聚的真空期望值(vacuum expectation value)不等於零,促使物理系統原本具有的手徵對稱性被自發打破,這也意味著量子色動力學的真空會將夸克的兩個手徵態混合,促使夸克在真空裏獲得有效質量。 根據戈德斯通定理,當連續對稱性被自發打破後必會生成一種零質量玻色子,稱為戈德斯通玻色子。手徵對稱性也具有連續性,它的戈德斯通玻色子是π介子。假若手徵對稱性是完全對稱性,則π介子的質量為零;但由於手徵對稱性為近似對稱性,π介子具有很小的質量,比一般強子的質量小一個數量級。這理論成為後來電弱對稱性破缺的希格斯機制的初型與要素。 (zh)
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