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Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense is a logical argument developed by the American analytic philosopher Alvin Plantinga and published in its final version in his 1977 book God, Freedom, and Evil. Plantinga's argument is a defense against the logical problem of evil as formulated by the philosopher J. L. Mackie beginning in 1955. Mackie's formulation of the logical problem of evil argued that three attributes of God, omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence, in orthodox Christian theism are logically incompatible with the existence of evil. In answer to the question, “Why didn’t God create a sinless world, since such a world is logically possible?”, Plantinga proposes that it is possible that in any possible world feasible for God to bring about, human beings would eventually have fre

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  • دفاع الإرادة الحرة لألفين بلانتينغا (ar)
  • Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense (en)
  • Defensa de Alvin Plantinga del libre albedrío (es)
  • Pembelaan kehendak bebas oleh Alvin Plantinga (in)
  • Posizione di Alvin Plantinga sul libero arbitrio (it)
  • A defesa do livre arbítrio de Alvin Plantinga (pt)
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  • دفاع الإرادة الحرة هي حجة منطقية طوّرها ألفين بلانتينغا، الفيلسوف التحليلي الأمريكي، ونُشرت في صورتها النهائية في كتابه الصادر في العام 1977 بعنوان «الله، والحرية، والشر». تعدّ حجة بلانتينغا ردًّا على مشكلة الشر كما صاغها الفيلسوف جاي إل ماكي في العام 1955. وفقًا لصياغة ماكي لمشكلة الشر، فإن الصفات الثلاث للربّ: العلم اللانهائي، والقدرة الكلية، والخير الكلي، في الإيمان المسيحي الأرثوذكسي هي غير متّسقة منطقيًا مع وجود الشر. وفي معرض الردّ على السؤال، «لماذا لم يخلق الله عالمًا بلا خطيئة، باعتبار أن مثل هذا العالم ممكن منطقيًا؟»، يفترض بلانتينغا أنه في أي عالم محتمل يمكن أن يخلقه الرب، فإن البشر في النهاية سيقترفون الخطيئة بمحض إرادتهم. وهكذا بالرغم من أن العوالم الخالية من الخطيئة ممكنة منطقيًا، فإنه ليس ملائمًا للرب أن يخلقها. يصف بلانتينغا هذا الوضع بأنه «فساد عابر للعوالم». (ar)
  • A defesa do livre arbítrio de Alvin Plantinga é um argumento lógico desenvolvido pelo filósofo analítico americano Alvin Plantinga, professor emérito de filosofia da Universidade de Notre Dame, e publicado em sua versão final em seu livro de 1977, "God, Freedom, and Evil". O argumento de Plantinga é uma defesa contra o problema lógico do mal como formulado pelo filósofo J. L. Mackie em 1955. A formulação de Mackie do problema lógico do mal argumentava que três atributos de Deus, onisciência, onipotência e onibenevolência, no teísmo cristão ortodoxo, são logicamente incompatíveis com a existência do mal. Em 1982, Mackie admitiu que a defesa de Plantinga refutou com sucesso seu argumento em O Milagre do Teísmo, embora ele não afirmasse que o problema do mal havia sido resolvido. (pt)
  • Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense is a logical argument developed by the American analytic philosopher Alvin Plantinga and published in its final version in his 1977 book God, Freedom, and Evil. Plantinga's argument is a defense against the logical problem of evil as formulated by the philosopher J. L. Mackie beginning in 1955. Mackie's formulation of the logical problem of evil argued that three attributes of God, omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence, in orthodox Christian theism are logically incompatible with the existence of evil. In answer to the question, “Why didn’t God create a sinless world, since such a world is logically possible?”, Plantinga proposes that it is possible that in any possible world feasible for God to bring about, human beings would eventually have fre (en)
  • Pembelaan kehendak bebas oleh Alvin Plantinga adalah argumen logis yang dikembangkan oleh filsuf analitik Amerika Alvin Plantinga dan diterbitkan dalam bukunya tahun 1977 God, Freedom, and Evil pada versi terakhirnya. Argumen Plantinga merupakan pembelaan terhadap masalah logis kejahatan seperti yang dirumuskan oleh filsuf J. L. Mackie sejak tahun 1955. Formulasi Mackie yang menjelaskan masalah logis dari kejahatan berpendapat bahwa tiga atribut Tuhan, yaitu kemahatahuan, kemahakuasaan, dan kemahabaikan, dalam kepercayaan ortodoks Kristen secara logis tidak sesuai dengan eksistensi kejahatan. Sebagai jawaban atas pertanyaan, “Mengapa Tuhan tidak menciptakan dunia tanpa dosa, karena dunia seperti itu secara logika mungkin?”, Plantinga mengusulkan bahwa mungkin saja di dunia mana pun yang me (in)
  • La versione della difesa del libero arbitrio proposta dal filosofo/teologo Alvin Plantinga è un tentativo di confutare il problema logico del male, cioè l'argomento che per postulare l'esistenza di un Dio onnipotente, onnisciente, infinitamente buono in un mondo malvagio costituisce una contraddizione logica. L'argomento di Plantinga (in forma abbreviata) è che "è possibile che Dio, pur essendo onnipotente, non abbia potuto creare un mondo con creature libere che non scelgono mai il male. Inoltre, è possibile che Dio, pur essendo infinitamente buono, possa desiderare di creare un mondo che contiene il male, se la bontà morale richiede creature morali libere" (it)
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