Alcino J. Silva (born April 9, 1961) is a Portuguese-American neuroscientist who was the recipient of the 2008 Order of Prince Henry and elected as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2013 for his contributions to the molecular cellular cognition of memory, a field he pioneered with the publication of two articles in Science in 1992. He is former scientific director of the Division of Intramural Research Programs at the National Institute of Mental Health, having also served as member of the Board of Regents of the University of Minho, Portugal.