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| - L'Unité de calcul de la zone ouest (West Area Computers) est un groupe de mathématiciennes afro-américaines qui ont travaillé comme calculatrices humaines au Centre de recherche Langley du NACA (ancêtre de la NASA) de 1943 à 1958. (fr)
- L'Unità di calcolo della zona occidentale (in inglese: West Area Computers) è un gruppo di matematiche afroamericane che hanno lavorato come calcolatori umani presso il Langley Research Center del NACA (l'agenzia predecessore della NASA) dal 1943 al 1958. (it)
- Die West Area Computing Unit war von 1943 bis 1958 eine Gruppe „menschlicher Computer“ am Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory der National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Die Gruppe bestand ausschließlich aus afroamerikanischen Mathematikerinnen. Die Gruppe gehörte zu den zahlreichen Mathematikerinnen, die während des Zweiten Weltkriegs ihre Karriere in der aeronautischen Forschung begannen. Aufgrund der Rassengesetze in Virginia waren sie zunächst gezwungen, abgesonderte Cafeterias und Toiletten zu benutzen. Die Rassentrennung war so gründlich, dass vielen weißen Mitarbeitenden die Existenz der West Area Computing Unit gar nicht bekannt war. (de)
- La unidad llamada West Area Computers (Calculistas del Área Oeste) era un grupo completamente afroamericano de mujeres matemáticos que trabajaron en el Langley Research Center de la NACA (predecesora de la NASA) desde 1943 hasta 1958. El grupo, un subconjunto de los centenares de mujeres matemáticos que empezaron la carrera de investigación aeronáutica durante Segunda Guerra Mundial, estaba originalmente sujeto a las leyes Jim Crow de Virginia, estando obligadas a utilizar baños y cafeterías segregados. (es)
- The West Computers (West Area Computing Unit, West Area Computers) were the African American, female mathematicians who worked as human computers at the Langley Research Center of NACA (predecessor of NASA) from 1943 through 1958. These women were a subset of the hundreds of female mathematicians who began careers in aeronautical research during World War II. To offset the loss of manpower as men joined the war effort, many U.S. organizations began hiring, and actively recruiting, more women and minorities during the 1940s. In 1935, the Langley Research Center had five female human computers on staff. By 1946, the Langley Research Center had recruited about 400 female human computers. (en)
- A West Area Computing Unit (em português: Unidade de Computação da Área Oeste) foi um grupo de “computadores humanos” no Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory do National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) de 1943 a 1958. O grupo consistia inteiramente de matemáticas afro-americanas. O grupo estava entre as muitas mulheres matemáticas que iniciaram suas carreiras na pesquisa aeronáutica durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por causa das leis raciais da Virgínia eles foram inicialmente forçados a usar refeitórios e banheiros separados. A segregação era tão completa que muitos funcionários brancos não sabiam da existência da Unidade de Computação da Área Oeste. (pt)
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| - Die West Area Computing Unit war von 1943 bis 1958 eine Gruppe „menschlicher Computer“ am Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory der National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). Die Gruppe bestand ausschließlich aus afroamerikanischen Mathematikerinnen. Die Gruppe gehörte zu den zahlreichen Mathematikerinnen, die während des Zweiten Weltkriegs ihre Karriere in der aeronautischen Forschung begannen. Aufgrund der Rassengesetze in Virginia waren sie zunächst gezwungen, abgesonderte Cafeterias und Toiletten zu benutzen. Die Rassentrennung war so gründlich, dass vielen weißen Mitarbeitenden die Existenz der West Area Computing Unit gar nicht bekannt war. Die Gruppe unterstand ursprünglich weißen Vorgesetzten. Ab 1949 leitete die afroamerikanische Mathematikerin Dorothy Vaughan die Gruppe. Die Gruppe unterstützte die Forschungsingenieure, indem sie ihnen langwierige Rechen- und Zeichenaufgaben abnahm. Vor allem bei den Windkanal-Versuchen wurden Messwerte dadurch aufgenommen, dass Messgeräte während des Versuchs gefilmt oder fotografiert wurden. Die Aufgabe bestand nun darin, die Filme auszuwerten und die Daten in Tabellen zu übertragen. Diese Daten oder daraus abgeleitete Größen wurden dann in Diagramme gezeichnet, auf deren Grundlage die Ingenieure weitere Versuche durchführten. Die Mathematikerin Katherine Johnson, welche 2015 die Presidential Medal of Freedom erhielt, begann ihre Karriere in der Gruppe, wechselte aber bereits nach zwei Wochen zur Langley Flight Research Division. Der Spielfilm Hidden Figures – Unerkannte Heldinnen setzt der West Area Computing Unit ein Denkmal. Er basiert auf dem gleichnamigen Buch von Margot Lee Shetterly. (de)
- La unidad llamada West Area Computers (Calculistas del Área Oeste) era un grupo completamente afroamericano de mujeres matemáticos que trabajaron en el Langley Research Center de la NACA (predecesora de la NASA) desde 1943 hasta 1958. El grupo, un subconjunto de los centenares de mujeres matemáticos que empezaron la carrera de investigación aeronáutica durante Segunda Guerra Mundial, estaba originalmente sujeto a las leyes Jim Crow de Virginia, estando obligadas a utilizar baños y cafeterías segregados. Durante la década de 1940 el Langley Research Center de la NACA comenzó a reclutar mujeres afroamericanas con títulos universitarios, para trabajar como calculadoras humanas o calculistas. Las responsabilidades de la West Area Computers incluían el procesamiento de datos, así como colaborar con otros equipos de la NACA sobre una base temporal, según fuera necesario. Según un estudio no publicado del profesor Dr. Beverly E. Golemba sobre los primeros computadores de Langely, los otros grupos de mujeres no sabían nada sobre las West Area Computers. Dicho esto, tanto las mujeres, blancas como las de color entrevistadas por el Dr. Golemba, recordaron que cuando los equipos de ambos grupos fueron asignados a un proyecto conjunto, "todas trabajaron conjuntamente a la perfeccíón”. Supervisadas originalmente por mujeres blancas, en 1949, la NASA finalmente puso al mando a la matemática Dorothy Vaughan, convirtiéndose en la primera directora afro-americana a cargo del grupo. Dorothy Vaughan trabajó en Langley desde 1943 hasta su retiro en 1971. En 1958, Cuando la NACA hizo su transición a la NASA, las instalaciones segregadas, incluyendo las oficinas de las West Area Computers, fueron abolidas. (es)
- L'Unité de calcul de la zone ouest (West Area Computers) est un groupe de mathématiciennes afro-américaines qui ont travaillé comme calculatrices humaines au Centre de recherche Langley du NACA (ancêtre de la NASA) de 1943 à 1958. (fr)
- L'Unità di calcolo della zona occidentale (in inglese: West Area Computers) è un gruppo di matematiche afroamericane che hanno lavorato come calcolatori umani presso il Langley Research Center del NACA (l'agenzia predecessore della NASA) dal 1943 al 1958. (it)
- The West Computers (West Area Computing Unit, West Area Computers) were the African American, female mathematicians who worked as human computers at the Langley Research Center of NACA (predecessor of NASA) from 1943 through 1958. These women were a subset of the hundreds of female mathematicians who began careers in aeronautical research during World War II. To offset the loss of manpower as men joined the war effort, many U.S. organizations began hiring, and actively recruiting, more women and minorities during the 1940s. In 1935, the Langley Research Center had five female human computers on staff. By 1946, the Langley Research Center had recruited about 400 female human computers. The West Computers were originally subject to Virginia's Jim Crow laws and got their name because they worked at Langley's West Area, while the white mathematicians worked in the East section. In order to work at NACA, the applicants had to pass a civil service exam. Despite Executive Order 8802 outlawing discriminatory hiring practices in defense industries, the Jim Crow laws of Virginia overpowered it and made it more difficult for African American women to be hired than white women. If the applicant was black, they would also have to complete a chemistry course at the nearby Hampton Institute. Even though they did the same work as the white female human computers at Langley, the West Computers were required to use segregated work areas, bathrooms, and cafeterias. The West Computers were originally sequestered into the West Area of Langley, hence their nickname. In 1958, when the NACA made the transition to NASA, segregated facilities, including the West Computing office, were abolished. The work of human computers at Langley varied. However, most of the work involved reading, analyzing, and plotting data. The human computers did this work by hand. They would work one-on-one with engineers or in computing sections. The computers played major roles in aircraft testing, supersonic flight research, and the space program. Although the female computers were as skilled as their male counterparts, they were officially hired as "subprofessionals" while males held "professional" status. The status of professional allowed newly-hired males to be paid $2,600 annually (about $41,000 in 2021) while newly-hired females began at $1,440 annually (about $23,000 in 2021) due to their subprofessional title. According to an unpublished study by Beverly E. Golemba of Langley's early computers, a number of other women did not know about the West Computers. That said, both the black and white women Golemba interviewed recalled that when computers from both groups were assigned to a project together, "everyone worked well together." On November 8, 2019, the Congressional Gold Medal was awarded "In recognition of all the women who served as computers, mathematicians, and engineers at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) between the 1930s and the 1970s." (en)
- A West Area Computing Unit (em português: Unidade de Computação da Área Oeste) foi um grupo de “computadores humanos” no Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory do National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) de 1943 a 1958. O grupo consistia inteiramente de matemáticas afro-americanas. O grupo estava entre as muitas mulheres matemáticas que iniciaram suas carreiras na pesquisa aeronáutica durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Por causa das leis raciais da Virgínia eles foram inicialmente forçados a usar refeitórios e banheiros separados. A segregação era tão completa que muitos funcionários brancos não sabiam da existência da Unidade de Computação da Área Oeste. O grupo originalmente se reportava a superiores brancos. A partir de 1949, a matemática afro-americana Dorothy Vaughan liderou o grupo. O grupo apoiou os engenheiros de pesquisa, aliviando-os de tarefas tediosas de aritmética e desenho. Especialmente nos testes de túnel de vento, os valores medidos foram registrados por meio de dispositivos de medição sendo filmados ou fotografados durante o teste. A tarefa agora consistia em avaliar os filmes e transferir os dados para tabelas. Esses dados ou quantidades deles derivados foram então desenhados em diagramas, com base nos quais os engenheiros realizaram testes adicionais. A matemática Katherine Johnson, que recebeu a Medalha Presidencial da Liberdade em 2015, iniciou sua carreira no grupo, mas depois de duas semanas foi transferida para a Divisão de Pesquisa de Voo de Langley. (pt)
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