A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when wrought iron oxidizes. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of shipwrecks, such as the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. They have also been found in the #3 turret, 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place of the USS Indianapolis. Rusticles are created by microbial organisms that consume iron.
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| - Rusticle (de)
- Rusticles (it)
- Rusticle (fr)
- Rusticle (en)
- Rusticle (pt)
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| - Rusticle [ˈɹʌstɪkɫ] ist ein Kofferwort aus engl. rust „Rost“ und icicle „Eiszapfen“, bedeutet wörtlich also „Rostzapfen“. Es ist die englische Bezeichnung für Strukturen, die von eisenzersetzenden Bakterien (Eisenbakterien) in der Tiefsee an Gegenständen aus Stahl oder Schmiedeeisen gebildet werden. Hauptsächlich wird dieser Ausdruck bei alten Schiffswracks mit einer Liegezeit von über 100 Jahren verwendet. Es bilden sich an den Wracks große, eiszapfenähnliche Gebilde – die bekanntesten sind die Tropffiguren an der Titanic. Wissenschaftler rechnen damit, dass die Titanic in den nächsten 80 bis 100 Jahren unter Bildung von Rusticles „aufgefressen“ wird. (de)
- Um rusticle é uma formação de ferrugem semelhante a um sincelo ou estalactite na aparência que ocorre profundamente debaixo d'água quando o ferro forjado se oxida. Eles podem estar familiarizados com fotografias subaquáticas de naufrágios, como o RMS Titanic e o navio de guerra alemão Bismarck. Rusticles são criados por micróbios que consomem ferro. (pt)
- Un rusticle (de l'anglais rust « rouille » et icicle « stalactite de glace ») est la formation de rouille similaire en apparence à une stalactite sous l'eau. Ce mot porte-manteau est inventé en 1986 par le scientifique Robert Duane Ballard lorsqu'il observe ces coulures de rouille sur l'épave du Titanic. (fr)
- A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when wrought iron oxidizes. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of shipwrecks, such as the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. They have also been found in the #3 turret, 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place of the USS Indianapolis. Rusticles are created by microbial organisms that consume iron. (en)
- I rusticles sono formazioni di ruggine che possono essere paragonate a un ghiacciolo o a una stalattite. Si formano quando alcuni batteri cominciano a nutrirsi degli ossidi di ferro, in profondità sott'acqua, soprattutto nei relitti delle navi affondate. Sono molto presenti nei relitti del transatlantico RMS Titanic, della corazzata tedesca Bismarck e dell'incrociatore americano Indianapolis. La parola rusticles è un crasi di "rust" (dall'inglese, ruggine) e "icicle" (ghiacciolo). Fu coniata da Robert Ballard, che li ha osservati per la prima volta nel relitto del Titanic nel 1986. (it)
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| - Rusticle [ˈɹʌstɪkɫ] ist ein Kofferwort aus engl. rust „Rost“ und icicle „Eiszapfen“, bedeutet wörtlich also „Rostzapfen“. Es ist die englische Bezeichnung für Strukturen, die von eisenzersetzenden Bakterien (Eisenbakterien) in der Tiefsee an Gegenständen aus Stahl oder Schmiedeeisen gebildet werden. Hauptsächlich wird dieser Ausdruck bei alten Schiffswracks mit einer Liegezeit von über 100 Jahren verwendet. Es bilden sich an den Wracks große, eiszapfenähnliche Gebilde – die bekanntesten sind die Tropffiguren an der Titanic. Wissenschaftler rechnen damit, dass die Titanic in den nächsten 80 bis 100 Jahren unter Bildung von Rusticles „aufgefressen“ wird. (de)
- Un rusticle (de l'anglais rust « rouille » et icicle « stalactite de glace ») est la formation de rouille similaire en apparence à une stalactite sous l'eau. Ce mot porte-manteau est inventé en 1986 par le scientifique Robert Duane Ballard lorsqu'il observe ces coulures de rouille sur l'épave du Titanic. L'étude microscopique des rusticles a mis en évidence qu'ils sont constitués de millions de canaux parcourus par des nutriments et colonisés par des communautés de champignons et bactéries halophiles anaérobies dont le métabolisme est basé sur l'oxydation du fer, formant ainsi des concrétions d'hydroxydes, de carbonates et d'oxydes de fer. Normalement à grande profondeur, la faible concentration d'oxygène devrait rendre la formation de rouille très lente mais la présence de ces communautés mutualistes et symbiotes accélère le phénomène car leur métabolisme n'a pas besoin d'oxygène. 27 espèces de bactéries ont été identifiées sur l'épave du Titanic dont une spécifique à ce paquebot, Halomonas titanicae. (fr)
- A rusticle is a formation of rust similar to an icicle or stalactite in appearance that occurs deep underwater when wrought iron oxidizes. They may be familiar from underwater photographs of shipwrecks, such as the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck. They have also been found in the #3 turret, 8-inch gun turret on the stern remains in place of the USS Indianapolis. Rusticles are created by microbial organisms that consume iron. The word rusticle is a portmanteau of the words rust and icicle and was coined by Robert Ballard, who first observed them on the wreck of the Titanic in 1986. Rusticles on the Titanic were the first investigated in 1996 by Roy Cullimore, based at the University of Regina in Canada. A previously unknown species of bacteria living inside the Titanic's rusticles called Halomonas titanicae was discovered in 2010 by Henrietta Mann. Rusticles can form on any submerged steel object and have been seen on other subsea structures such as mooring chains and subsea equipment. They form more rapidly in warmer climates and can form in water with little to no dissolved oxygen. (en)
- I rusticles sono formazioni di ruggine che possono essere paragonate a un ghiacciolo o a una stalattite. Si formano quando alcuni batteri cominciano a nutrirsi degli ossidi di ferro, in profondità sott'acqua, soprattutto nei relitti delle navi affondate. Sono molto presenti nei relitti del transatlantico RMS Titanic, della corazzata tedesca Bismarck e dell'incrociatore americano Indianapolis. La parola rusticles è un crasi di "rust" (dall'inglese, ruggine) e "icicle" (ghiacciolo). Fu coniata da Robert Ballard, che li ha osservati per la prima volta nel relitto del Titanic nel 1986. Possono formarsi su qualsiasi oggetto d'acciaio sommerso e sono stati individuati su altre strutture sottomarine come le catene di ormeggio e le attrezzature sottomarine. Si formano più rapidamente in climi più caldi e possono formarsi in acque con poco o assente ossigeno disciolto. Sono dannosi per lo scafo delle navi e ne velocizzano il processo di corrosione. (it)
- Um rusticle é uma formação de ferrugem semelhante a um sincelo ou estalactite na aparência que ocorre profundamente debaixo d'água quando o ferro forjado se oxida. Eles podem estar familiarizados com fotografias subaquáticas de naufrágios, como o RMS Titanic e o navio de guerra alemão Bismarck. Rusticles são criados por micróbios que consomem ferro. (pt)
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