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Maryland nella guerra di secessione americana Maryland durant la guerre de Sécession Maryland in the American Civil War
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Il Maryland nella guerra di secessione americana rappresentò uno degli Stati schiavisti rimasti all'interno dell'Unione, i cosiddetti Stati cuscinetto; fu uno dei territori di confine posti a cavallo tra gli Stati Uniti d'America nord-orientali industriali degli imprenditori e dei banchieri e gli Stati Uniti meridionali dei piantatori dei grandi latifondi agrari. Localizzazione di Washington, incuneata tra il Maryland a Nordest e la Virginia a Sudovest. Il Presidente della Corte Suprema Roger Brooke Taney, originario di Frederick (Maryland). Schema della battaglia di South Mountain. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the Civil War. Governor Thomas H. Hicks, despite his early sympathies for the South, helped prevent the state from seceding. Durant la guerre de Sécession, le Maryland est l'un des cinq États frontaliers : bien qu'esclavagiste, il reste membre de l'Union et ne rallie pas la Confédération, principalement grâce au gouverneur Thomas Holliday Hicks, qui refuse la sécession malgré ses propres sympathies pour le Sud. Parmi les citoyens du Maryland, près de 60 000 s'engagent dans l'armée de l'Union, tandis que 25 000 rejoignent les rangs des Confédérés.
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Il Maryland nella guerra di secessione americana rappresentò uno degli Stati schiavisti rimasti all'interno dell'Unione, i cosiddetti Stati cuscinetto; fu uno dei territori di confine posti a cavallo tra gli Stati Uniti d'America nord-orientali industriali degli imprenditori e dei banchieri e gli Stati Uniti meridionali dei piantatori dei grandi latifondi agrari. Localizzazione di Washington, incuneata tra il Maryland a Nordest e la Virginia a Sudovest. A causa di questa sua posizione eminentemente strategica, posto proprio di fronte alla capitale nazionale Washington, ed il forte desiderio delle fazioni opposte - ben presenti all'interno dello Stato - d'influenzare l'opinione pubblica verso le loro rispettive cause, il Maryland svolse un ruolo di primo piano negli anni della guerra civile. Il nuovo presidente Abraham Lincoln sospese l'Habeas corpus in tutto il territorio e respinse al contempo la sentenza (la quale venne archiviata dal tribunale circoscrizionale statale) emanata dalla Corte Suprema sul caso riguardante , un noto simpatizzante sudista della contea di Baltimora detenuto a Fort McHenry senza alcuna garanzia di equo processo. Il Presidente della Corte Suprema Roger Brooke Taney, originario di Frederick (Maryland). Il pronunciamento espresso al riguardo dal Presidente della Corte Suprema Roger Brooke Taney, originario di Frederick e residente a Baltimora - uno dei protetti della presidenza di Andrew Jackson, che l'aveva scelto all'alto ufficio un ventennio prima - prima ancora di aver ricevuto alcuna previa approvazione da parte degli altri Giudici associati - fu netto: definì senza mezzi termini la decisione assunta come incostituzionale e che "avrebbe lasciato cicatrici civili e legali durature". Le prime avvisaglie dello scontro armato si ebbero con le vittime dei disordini di Baltimora del 18 e 19 aprile 1861, un tentativo di rivolta filo-sudista; situazione ribadita un anno e mezzo dopo con la giornata di combattimenti più sanguinosa nella storia militare americana fino a quel momento. Il tutto ebbe modo di svolgersi nel corso della grande invasione predisposta dal Confederate States Army, la Campagna del Maryland, appena a Nord sopra il fiume Potomac nella contea di Washington e nelle immediate vicinanze della cittadina di Sharpsburg: la battaglia di Antietam del 17 settembre 1862. Schema della battaglia di South Mountain. Preceduta da una serie di schermaglie in tre passi di montagna ad Est, la battaglia di South Mountain, anche se tatticamente inconcludente fu almeno strategicamente una vittoria unionista, dando oltretutto l'opportunità alla presidenza di Abraham Lincoln di emettere il Proclama di emancipazione il quale dichiarò che tutti gli schiavi presenti negli Stati Confederati d'America (ma non quelli nelle aree già liberate dall'Union Army e dall'Union Navy o negli Stati di frontiera semi-lealisti di Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky e Missouri) fossero da considerarsi a tutti gli effetti liberi a partire dal 1º gennaio 1863. Successivamente la del luglio del 1864, durante la terza e ultima grande invasione meridionale (la seconda fu la Campagna di Gettysburg), fu combattuta anche sul suolo del Maryland; pur dimostrandosi una vittoria tattica confederata risultò invece una sconfitta strategica in quanto il ritardo di un'intera giornata inflitto da Lew Wallace alle truppe secessioniste permise il sopraggiungere dei rinforzi provenienti da Baltimora tramite la ferrovia "Baltimore and Ohio" a difesa della capitale federale minacciata direttamente da Jubal Anderson Early. Il governatore del Maryland . All'attacco alle fortificazioni periferiche Nord-occidentali di assistette personalmente lo stesso presidente; fu l'unica volta in cui un comandante in capo della nazione si trovò esposto in prima linea davanti al fuoco del nemico. In tutto lo Stato quasi 85.000 cittadini si iscrissero come volontari nelle forze armate, la maggior parte dei quali aderì ai Corpi d'armata unionisti; approssimativamente un terzo di questi arruolati militarono invece tra le file avversarie al grido di "go South". Il brigadier generale confederato , nativo del Maryland. Tra i più importanti leader politici e ufficiali militari vi furono il governatore del Maryland il quale, nonostante le sue precoci simpatie per il Sud, aiutò fattivamente ad impedire la separazione dello Stato in due ed il generale confederato , un noto comandante di brigata sotto Robert Edward Lee nell'Armata Confederata della Virginia Settentrionale. Ancor prima che il conflitto terminasse il Maryland vide l'abolizione definitiva della schiavitù entro i propri confini, con una nuova (la 3° in ordine tempo) Costituzione approvata nel 1864 grazie ad una risicata maggioranza di Radical Republicans i quali controllarono l'Assemblea legislativa dello Stato nominalmente Democratico. L'animosità contro il presidente sarebbe in ogni caso sopravvissuta, tanto che fu proprio il marylandese John Wilkes Booth a pianificare prima e a metter in atto poi l'assassinio di Abraham Lincoln avvenuto la sera del Venerdì santo 14 aprile 1865 all'interno del Teatro Ford nella capitale federale al grido di Sic semper tyrannis, il motto ufficiale dello Stato ribelle della Virginia. Messo in fuga, cercò rifugio nascondendosi nel Sud del paese per una settimana intera durante la quale gli si diede accanitamente la caccia, prima di riuscire a scivolar via attraversando il Potomac e successivamente venire abbattuto a colpi di fucile in un fienile in fiamme della Virginia Settentrionale. During the American Civil War (1861–1865), Maryland, a slave state, was one of the border states, straddling the South and North. Despite some popular support for the cause of the Confederate States of America, Maryland did not secede during the Civil War. Governor Thomas H. Hicks, despite his early sympathies for the South, helped prevent the state from seceding. Because the state bordered the District of Columbia and the strong desire of the opposing factions within the state to sway public opinion towards their respective causes, Maryland played an important role in the war. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865) suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus from Washington to Philadelphia. Lincoln ignored the ruling of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in "Ex parte Merryman" decision in 1861 concerning freeing John Merryman, a prominent Southern sympathizer arrested by the military. The first fatalities of the war happened during the Baltimore Civil War Riots of Thursday/Friday, April 18–19, 1861. The single bloodiest day of combat in American military history occurred during the first major Confederate invasion of the North in the Maryland Campaign, just north above the Potomac River near Sharpsburg in Washington County, at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, 1862. The battle of Antietam, though tactically a draw, was strategically enough of a Union victory to give Lincoln the opportunity to issue, in September 1862, the Emancipation Proclamation. It did not affect Maryland. In July 1864 the Battle of Monocacy was fought near Frederick, Maryland as part of the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Monocacy was a tactical victory for the Confederate States Army but a strategic defeat, as the one-day delay inflicted on the attacking Confederates cost rebel General Jubal Early his chance to capture the Union capital of Washington, D.C. Across the state, some 50,000 citizens signed up for the military, with most joining the United States Army. Approximately a tenth as many enlisted to "go South" and fight for the Confederacy. Abolition of slavery in Maryland came before the end of the war, with a new third constitution voted approval in 1864 by a small majority of Radical Republican Unionists then controlling the nominally Democratic state. Durant la guerre de Sécession, le Maryland est l'un des cinq États frontaliers : bien qu'esclavagiste, il reste membre de l'Union et ne rallie pas la Confédération, principalement grâce au gouverneur Thomas Holliday Hicks, qui refuse la sécession malgré ses propres sympathies pour le Sud. Parmi les citoyens du Maryland, près de 60 000 s'engagent dans l'armée de l'Union, tandis que 25 000 rejoignent les rangs des Confédérés. La position stratégique du Maryland, entre les deux factions et à proximité de la capitale fédérale, Washington, en fait l'un des enjeux majeurs du conflit. Ainsi, c'est dans cet État que tombent les premières victimes de la guerre, lors de l'émeute de Baltimore du 19 avril 1861. Cet événement inspire au poète James Ryder Randall la chanson Maryland, My Maryland, qui devient l'hymne de l'État en 1939. C'est également dans le Maryland que se déroule la bataille d'Antietam, l'affrontement le plus sanglant du conflit, le 17 septembre 1862. Aucun des deux camps n'emporte réellement la victoire, mais Antietam met un terme à la première tentative d'invasion du Nord par le général sudiste Robert Lee et permet au président de l'Union Abraham Lincoln de publier la Proclamation d'émancipation. L'esclavage est aboli au Maryland en 1864, avec l'adoption d'une nouvelle par une très faible majorité du vote populaire. L'abolition ne fait pas que des heureux dans l'État, et l'année suivante, Lincoln est assassiné par John Wilkes Booth, un natif du Maryland.
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