The Susskind–Glogower operator, first proposed by Leonard Susskind and J. Glogower, refers to the operator where the phase is introduced as an approximate polar decomposition of the creation and annihilation operators. It is defined as , and its adjoint . Their commutation relation is , where is the vacuum state of the harmonic oscillator. They may be regarded as a (exponential of) because , where is the number operator. So the exponential of the phase operator displaces the number operator in the same fashion as the momentum operator acts as the generator of translations in quantum mechanics: .
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