| dbo:abstract
|
- Cybernetics in the Soviet Union had its own particular characteristics, as the study of cybernetics came into contact with the dominant scientific ideologies of the Soviet Union and the nation's economic and political reforms: from the unmitigated anti-Americanistic criticism of cybernetics in the early 1950s; its legitimisation after Stalin's death and up to 1961; its total saturation of Soviet academia in the 1960s; and its eventual decline through the 1970s and 1980s. Initially, from 1950–54, the reception of cybernetics, in the Soviet Union, was exclusively negative. The Soviet Department for Agitation and Propaganda had called for anti-Americanism to be intensified in Soviet media, and in an attempt to fill the Department's quotas, Soviet journalists latched on to cybernetics as an American "reactionary pseudoscience" to denounce and mock. This attack was interpreted as a signal of an official attitude to cybernetics, so, under Joseph Stalin's premiership, cybernetics was inflated into "a full embodiment of imperialist ideology" by Soviet writers. Upon Stalin's death, the wide-reaching reforms of Nikita Khrushchev's premiership allowed cybernetics to legitimise itself as "a serious, important science", and in 1955, articles on cybernetics were published in the state philosophical organ, Voprosy Filosofii, after a group of Soviet scientists realised the potential of this new science. Under the formerly suppressive scientific culture of the Soviet Union, cybernetics began to serve as an umbrella term for previously maligned areas of soviet science such as structural linguistics and genetics. Under the headsmanship of academician Aksel Berg, the was formed, an umbrella organisation dedicated to providing funding for these new lights of Soviet science. By the 1960s, this fast legitimisation put cybernetics in fashion, as "cybernetics" became a buzzword among career-minded scientists. Additionally, Berg's administration left many of the original cyberneticians of the organisation disgruntled; complaints were made that he seemed more focused on administration than scientific research, citing Berg's grand plans to expand the council to subsume "practically all of Soviet science". By the 1980s, cybernetics had lost relevance in Soviet scientific culture, as its terminology and political function was succeeded by those of informatics in the Soviet Union and, eventually, post-Soviet states. (en)
- La cybernétique a exercé une influence considérable sur les recherches scientifiques menées en Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques dans les années 1960 et 1970. La popularité de ce champ interdisciplinaire introduit en 1948 par l'ouvrage homonyme de Norbert Wiener se traduit par l'élaboration de disciplines « cybernétisées » : la génomique devint ainsi la physiologie cybernétique tandis que l'économie mathématisée se réinventa en économie cybernétique. La réception initiale des idées élaborées par Wiener et ses collègues des Conférences Macy n'augurait pas d'un tel succès. Au début des années 1950, la cybernétique est étiquetée parmi les pseudo-sciences bourgeoises, visant à légitimer l'idéologie des sociétés libérales et capitalistiques sans avoir aucun fondement scientifique réel. Le début d'un mouvement cybernétique soviétique a été signalé pour la première fois par deux articles, publiés ensemble dans le volume de juillet-août 1955 de Voprosy Filosofii : The Main Features of Cybernetics par Sergueï Sobolev, Alexey Lyapunov, et Anatoly Kitov, et What is Cybernetics par Ernst Kolman [Selon Benjamin Peters, ces « deux articles soviétiques ont préparé le terrain pour la révolution de la cybernétique en Union soviétique »]. (fr)
- Кибернетика в СССР — развитие кибернетики (науки об общих закономерностях процессов управления и передачи информации в различных системах, будь то машины, живые организмы или общество) в СССР было начато в 1940-х годах. (ru)
|
| dbp:quote
|
- Cybernetics: a reactionary pseudoscience that appeared in the U.S.A. after World War II and also spread through other capitalist countries. Cybernetics clearly reflects one of the basic features of the bourgeois worldview—its inhumanity, striving to transform workers into an extension of the machine, into a tool of production, and an instrument of war. At the same time, for cybernetics an imperialistic utopia is characteristic—replacing living, thinking man, fighting for his interests, by a machine, both in industry and in war. The instigators of a new world war use cybernetics in their dirty, practical affairs. (en)
|
