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- National character studies is a set of anthropological studies conducted during and immediately after World War II. This involves the identification of people, ethnicity, and races according to specific, indomitable cultural characteristics. While a number of investigations were considered benign, there were some scholars of the opinion that these studies should never have been attempted at all. This is demonstrated in the case of social Darwinism, which holds that a successful people - as demonstrated in a victory in war or economic development - is presumed to have advanced in the evolutionary tree ahead of a vanquished nation or those people in developing or poor countries. An essay on National Character, as applied to foreign economic aid to developing nations, is contained in Ludwig Rudel's Memoir Agent for Change in International Development (Volume 2 Annex 1B, page 352). Shortly after the end of World War II, the U.S. undertook programs to provide economic assistance on a global scale, initially to rebuild Europe through the Marshall Plan, then under Truman's Point Four program. The U.S. was soon accused of imposing its system on other societies which had their own, very different, value systems and behavior patterns. The U.S. was said to be making other countries into its own image with a "one size fits all" approach.The International Cooperation Administration and then USAID took this criticism seriously. A battery of anthropologists and sociologists was hired to correct this bias. There was recognition that societies do not all follow some universal standard of behavior. What may work well in one country to serve its social objectives, may not work in another. It was argued that one should not be judgmental about the efficacy of one societal behavior system over another. A major work on national character is Ruth Benedict's book, "Patterns of Culture", written in 1934. In it, she argues that, "A culture, like an individual, is a more or less consistent pattern of thought and action". Margaret Mead, in her foreword to the book, summarizes Benedict's conception as "human cultures being personality writ large". Benedict was one of the cultural anthropologists recruited by the US government after its entry into World War II. She played a major role in grasping the place of the Emperor of Japan in popular Japanese culture and formulated the recommendation to President Roosevelt that the continuation of the Emperor's reign should be part of the surrender offer. On the other hand, there are scholars who cite benefits in pursuing national character studies such as those who cite its contribution to the modern anthropological understanding of the rise of nations and international relations. (en)
- 民族性研究指的是文化人類學上，一些在二戰時期及二戰之後，起源（及終結）於的文化與人格學派（Culture and Personality）的一些研究。現在認為很多對民族性的說法不正確，盡管有時人們會認為對民族性的說法包含了一些事實。但一項研究顯示事實並非如此。另外，有一個對49個文化進行的研究顯示，「民族性」並不反映該社會成員的平均人格特質。 民族性研究起於許多文化與人格學派的研究方法，其中包括了源自愛德華·薩丕爾以及鲁思·本尼迪克特所提出的、拉爾夫·林頓和亞伯蘭·卡迪納（Abram Kardiner）提出的基本人格結構論（basic personality structure），以及科羅·杜波依斯（Cora DuBois）所提出的典型性格論等的方法。這些這些對於人格和文化彼此間的實際關係為何這點，彼此有著不同的看法。文化形貌論和基本人格結構論假定在同樣文化中，個體的性格是相對同質的；而杜波依斯則認為說，沒有一個共通的性格，是在一個社會中，見諸於所有的個體的。 (zh)
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- 民族性研究指的是文化人類學上，一些在二戰時期及二戰之後，起源（及終結）於的文化與人格學派（Culture and Personality）的一些研究。現在認為很多對民族性的說法不正確，盡管有時人們會認為對民族性的說法包含了一些事實。但一項研究顯示事實並非如此。另外，有一個對49個文化進行的研究顯示，「民族性」並不反映該社會成員的平均人格特質。 民族性研究起於許多文化與人格學派的研究方法，其中包括了源自愛德華·薩丕爾以及鲁思·本尼迪克特所提出的、拉爾夫·林頓和亞伯蘭·卡迪納（Abram Kardiner）提出的基本人格結構論（basic personality structure），以及科羅·杜波依斯（Cora DuBois）所提出的典型性格論等的方法。這些這些對於人格和文化彼此間的實際關係為何這點，彼此有著不同的看法。文化形貌論和基本人格結構論假定在同樣文化中，個體的性格是相對同質的；而杜波依斯則認為說，沒有一個共通的性格，是在一個社會中，見諸於所有的個體的。 (zh)
- National character studies is a set of anthropological studies conducted during and immediately after World War II. This involves the identification of people, ethnicity, and races according to specific, indomitable cultural characteristics. While a number of investigations were considered benign, there were some scholars of the opinion that these studies should never have been attempted at all. This is demonstrated in the case of social Darwinism, which holds that a successful people - as demonstrated in a victory in war or economic development - is presumed to have advanced in the evolutionary tree ahead of a vanquished nation or those people in developing or poor countries. An essay on National Character, as applied to foreign economic aid to developing nations, is contained in Ludwig R (en)
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- National character studies (en)
- 民族性研究 (zh)
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