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- En Espagne, la Milice nationale (en espagnol : ilicia Nacional) est une milice populaire qui a existé au cours du XIXe siècle. (fr)
- En España la Milicia Nacional era un cuerpo de ciudadanos armados que tenían el propósito de mantener el orden público y defender el régimen constitucional. Fue establecida por la Constitución de 1812 aprobada por las Cortes de Cádiz. Abolida en 1814 por Fernando VII cuando restauró la monarquía absoluta, fue restablecida durante el Trienio Liberal (1820-1823) y de nuevo abolida durante la Década Ominosa (1823-1833) también por Fernando VII. Durante el reinado de Isabel II la Milicia Nacional fue uno de los principales motivos del enfrentamiento entre el Partido Moderado, que proponía su disolución y su sustitución por un cuerpo profesional (la Guardia Civil), y el Partido Progresista, que defendía su mantenimiento. La Milicia Nacional fue abolida definitivamente por el régimen de la Restauración. Surgió cuando se produjo «el derrumbe del sistema judicial y policial del Antiguo Régimen» como consecuencia de la revolución liberal, pero «este modelo de participación popular en el mantenimiento del orden público desapareció progresivamente durante las décadas siguientes, ante el surgimiento de cuerpos policiales profesionalizados y especializados». La Milicia Nacional concebida por el liberalismo español se distinguió por tener un doble carácter: constituir un espacio de participación de los ciudadanos en la vida pública y al mismo tiempo ser un instrumento para el mantenimiento del orden y de la seguridad. Como ha destacado Álvaro París Martín refiriéndose al Trienio Liberal, «la Milicia Nacional responde a esta doble lógica. Fue un espacio de orden y de revolución, de control policial y de protesta callejera, de encuadramiento militar y de adquisición de derechos, de defensa de la propiedad burguesa y de desbordamiento popular revolucionario. La milicia protagonizó motines y los reprimió». Aunque su origen se puede remontar a las milicias de «vecinos honrados» de la Edad Media y a las que existieron con una u otra denominación y estructura desde el siglo XVI, el precedente más inmediato de la Milicia Nacional se encuentra en las Milicias Provinciales organizadas por los Borbones en el siglo XVIII (desde Felipe V hasta Carlos III y Carlos IV) y en los cuerpos de voluntarios y de milicias que se formaron durante la Guerra de la Independencia. (es)
- The National Militia (Spanish: milicia nacional) in Spain was a citizen-organized quasi-military force comparable to the National Guard that arose in France during the French Revolution. The National Militia has its origin in the civic military defense groups formed in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), but came to full fruition during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), which is viewed in Spain as a war of independence against Napoleonic France. The Spanish army had been destroyed, but new forces were established at the municipal and provincial level, who fought against both France and against certain remnants of feudalism that remained in Spain. The Spanish Constitution of 1812, adopted at Cádiz while much of the country was still under French control, recognized these groups under the name of milicias nacionales as part of the country's military forces, together with the regular troops. At the same time, this legal recognition implied at least the formal end of their status as voluntary organizations armed by distinct local or provincial government entities, merging them officially into a single body. In 1814 a regulation was put into effect specifying the duty of all citizens to serve if called upon, and regulating the militia. In summary, the National Militia was distinct from the regular army and was divided into infantry and cavalry. Officers were elected by their own troops. The militia was composed of citizens between the ages of 30 and 50; 30 citizens were obliged to serve out of every 1,300 in population. They performed tasks related to security, order, and peace within the borders of Spain. The militia supported and was supported by the patriotic, but also liberal movement unleashed by the Peninsular War. Consequently, when the restoration brought the absolutist Ferdinand VII to power in 1814, the Cádiz constitution was abrogated and the militia was dissolved. Much to the displeasure of the king, the Liberal Triennium of 1820–1823 reconstituted the National Militia, which fought against the absolutist uprisings within the peninsula. The end of the Triennium was, once again, the end of the Militia. It was replaced by a different militia known as the (Spanish: Voluntarios Realistas. The regency of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies created a new force in 1834, the "Urban Militia", (Spanish: Milicia Urbana). After the in 1836 obliged the regent to restore the Constitution of 1812, the National Militia was once again established. The new officers of Maria Christina's army, especially Leopoldo O'Donnell and Baldomero Espartero, who, in 1833, had supported the cause of the three-year-old Queen Isabella II against the claims of the Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, took a strong ascendency over the National Militia, so that with their collaboration the Militia fought in the First Carlist War on the side of Isabella II and received their first standards as recognition of actions performed during this conflict. Nonetheless, the forces that supported Isabella II were plagued by conflicts with one another. On one side were the forces of conservative liberalism known as the doceañistas, arrayed around the Moderate Party and Maria Christina; on the other the radical liberalism of the exaltados or veinteañistas arrayed around the Progressive Party and the National Militia. The militia participated in the Mutiny of La Granja, the fall of Maria Christina and the rise of Baldomero Espartero, against the uprisings of the Moderates (especially the promoted by Maria Christina) and against the establishment of the Década moderada in 1843, which brought Ramón María Narváez and the Moderates to power. Narváez dissolved the Militia, and shortly thereafter assigned their duties to a newly created Civil Guard (Spanish: Guardia Civil), which survives to this day. The National Militia was briefly reestablished during the Bienio Progresista in the 1850s, under Espartero. However, when O'Donnell and the Liberal Union dispatched Espartero two years later, the Militia was again dissolved. The National Militia as such was formally reestablished by a presidential decree of Emilio Castelar during the First Spanish Republic, but once again, and definitively, dissolved by Cánovas del Castillo in 1876. (en)
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- En Espagne, la Milice nationale (en espagnol : ilicia Nacional) est une milice populaire qui a existé au cours du XIXe siècle. (fr)
- En España la Milicia Nacional era un cuerpo de ciudadanos armados que tenían el propósito de mantener el orden público y defender el régimen constitucional. Fue establecida por la Constitución de 1812 aprobada por las Cortes de Cádiz. Abolida en 1814 por Fernando VII cuando restauró la monarquía absoluta, fue restablecida durante el Trienio Liberal (1820-1823) y de nuevo abolida durante la Década Ominosa (1823-1833) también por Fernando VII. Durante el reinado de Isabel II la Milicia Nacional fue uno de los principales motivos del enfrentamiento entre el Partido Moderado, que proponía su disolución y su sustitución por un cuerpo profesional (la Guardia Civil), y el Partido Progresista, que defendía su mantenimiento. La Milicia Nacional fue abolida definitivamente por el régimen de la Rest (es)
- The National Militia (Spanish: milicia nacional) in Spain was a citizen-organized quasi-military force comparable to the National Guard that arose in France during the French Revolution. The National Militia has its origin in the civic military defense groups formed in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), but came to full fruition during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), which is viewed in Spain as a war of independence against Napoleonic France. The Spanish army had been destroyed, but new forces were established at the municipal and provincial level, who fought against both France and against certain remnants of feudalism that remained in Spain. (en)
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