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The Lebanese Front (Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya) or Front Libanais in French, was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese War. It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and other left-wing allies. In 1982, the Lebanese Front promoted Bachir Gemayel for the presidency. He was elected as president by the Lebanese parliament by 58 out of 62 votes from both Christians and Muslims, only to be assassinated three weeks later.

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  • الجبهة اللبنانية تحالف عدة أحزاب وشخصيات يمينية لبنانية، تأسس سنة 1976 في بداية الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية لمواجهة الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية ومنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية. ومن بين مقترحاتها اقامة نظام فيدرالي، ولقبت بالجبهة الانعزالية من طرف خصومها. ترأس الجبهة الرئيس الأسبق كميل شمعون زعيم حزب الوطنيين الأحرار. (ar)
  • Die Libanesische Front (LF; arabisch الجبهة اللبنانية, französisch Front libanaise) war eine rechtsgerichtete Koalition von überwiegend christlichen Parteien, die 1977 während des Libanesischen Bürgerkrieges gebildet wurde. Einer der Mitbegründer der Libanesische Front war der frühere Präsident der UN-Generalversammlung Charles Habib Malik. Sie war dazu bestimmt, als Gegenkraft zu der Libanesischen Nationalbewegung (LNM) von Kamal Dschumblat, dem damaligen Führer der Drusen und anderen zu agieren. In den letzten Jahren gab es Versuche, die Koalition zu erneuern. (de)
  • The Lebanese Front (Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya) or Front Libanais in French, was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese War. It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and other left-wing allies. The Lebanese Front was presided by the former president of Lebanon, Camille Chamoun, and its main participants were Pierre Gemayel, the founder and leader of the then-largest political party in Lebanon, the Kataeb Party, president Suleiman Frangieh, who had just finished his presidential years in office. It also included first class intellectuals, such as distinguished professor of philosophy and eminent diplomat Charles Malik who had been president of the United Nations General Assembly in 1958, and Fouad Frem al-Boustani, the president of the Lebanese University. The front also included religious figures such as Father Charbel Qassis, who was later replaced by Father Bulus Naaman the "head of the permanent congress of the Lebanese monastic orders". For a brief while the poet Said Aql was a member. As soon as the war erupted in Lebanon, and before the Lebanese Front was formed, many of the future leaders of the Lebanese Front organized their political parties into militias, most notably Camille Chamoun's National Liberal Party, Pierre Gemayel's influential longstanding Kataeb Party, and Suleiman Frangieh's Marada Brigade. The number of men totalled around 18,000, which was a relatively large number given that the total population of Lebanon was less than three million. However, the relations among the participants became tense mainly due to Frangieh's pro-Syrian approach. In addition, in 1978, Suleiman Frangieh's son Tony and his family were killed by armed Kataeb militiamen trying to kidnap him acting on orders from Bashir Gemayel, the son of Pierre Gemayel. The incident is known as the Ehden massacre. It was this turning point that prompted Suleiman Frangieh to resign from the Front. In 1982, the Lebanese Front promoted Bachir Gemayel for the presidency. He was elected as president by the Lebanese parliament by 58 out of 62 votes from both Christians and Muslims, only to be assassinated three weeks later. During the second half of the 1980s, most of the prominent leaders of the Lebanese Front died (Pierre Gemayel in 1984, both Chamoun and Charles Malik in 1987) and were replaced by other leaders like George Saadeh, Amin Gemayel and Karim Pakradouni. The Lebanese Front then lived for a short period only. Dany Chamoun, son of deceased Camille Chamoun, formed a new Lebanese Front, but a week after the end of the Lebanese War in October 1990, Dany was assassinated and the Lebanese Front came to an end. (en)
  • El Frente Libanés (en árabe: الجبهة اللبنانية‎, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya) o Front Libanais en francés, fue una coalición de partidos políticos, en su mayoría nacionalistas, formado en agosto de 1976 por intelectuales maronitas durante la Guerra civil libanesa.​ Se supone que la creación de esta organización fue una respuesta a la creación del , una coalición de izquierda liderada por Kamal Jumblatt y sus aliados. (es)
  • Front Libański (arab.: الجبهة اللبنانية) był prawicową koalicją przeważnie chrześcijańskich partii utworzoną w 1976 roku podczas wojny domowej w Libanie jako przeciwwaga dla lewicowego . W skład sojuszu wchodziły: Falangi Libańskie Pierre'a Dżemajela, Narodowa Partia Liberalna Kamila Szamuna, Brygada Marada Sulajmana Farandżijji, Al-Tanzim oraz Strażnicy Cedrów. Ogółem Front Libański liczył ok. 18 tys. członków zbrojnych milicji, z których we wrześniu 1976 r. utworzono Siły Libańskie. Koalicja została rozwiązana na przełomie lat 80. i 90. (pl)
  • Il Fronte Libanese (in arabo: الجبهة اللبنانية‎, al-Jabha al-Lubnāniyya), conosciuto anche come "Fronte Kufur", è stato uno schieramento di movimenti politici a prevalenza cristiana maronita in Libano, costituito nel 1976, nel corso della guerra civile libanese. L'accordo incluse anche le milizie armate, unite nelle Forze Libanesi. Esso fu costituito per controbilanciare la potenza di fuoco dello schieramento cosiddetto "progressista" del Movimento Nazionale Libanese guidato da Kamal Jumblatt. La coalizione si sciolse nel 1986. (it)
  • A Frente Libanesa (em árabe: الجبهة اللبنانية, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya, em francês: Front Libanais), foi uma coalizão de partidos nacionalistas libaneses formada em 1976 por intelectuais majoritariamente cristãos durante a Guerra Civil Libanesa. A intenção era agir como uma força de reação ao Movimento Nacional Libanês de Kamal Jumblatt e outros aliados de esquerda. A Frente Libanesa foi presidida pelo ex-presidente do Líbano, Camille Chamoun, e seus principais participantes foram Pierre Gemayel, o fundador e líder do então maior partido político do Líbano, o Partido Kataeb, o presidente Suleiman Frangieh, que acabara de terminar seus anos presidenciais no cargo. Também incluiu intelectuais de excelência, como o ilustre professor de filosofia e eminente diplomata , que havia sido presidente da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 1958, e Fouad Frem al-Boustani, presidente da . A frente também incluiu figuras religiosas como o Padre Charbel Qassis, que foi mais tarde substituído pelo Padre Bulus Naaman, o "chefe do congresso permanente das ordens monásticas libanesas". Por um breve período, o poeta foi membro. Assim que a guerra estourou no Líbano, e antes que a Frente Libanesa fosse formada, muitos dos futuros líderes da Frente Libanesa organizaram seus partidos políticos em milícias, principalmente o de Camille Chamoun, o influente Partido Kataeb de Pierre Gemayel e a Brigada Marada de Suleiman Frangieh. O número de homens totalizou cerca de 18.000, um número relativamente grande, dado que a população total do Líbano era inferior a três milhões. No entanto, as relações entre os participantes tornaram-se tensas principalmente devido à abordagem pró-Síria de Frangieh. Além disso, em 1978, o filho de Suleiman Frangieh, , e sua família foram mortos por milicianos do Kataeb que tentavam sequestrá-lo agindo por ordem de Bashir Gemayel, filho de Pierre Gemayel. O incidente é conhecido como . Foi esse ponto de viragem que levou Suleiman Frangieh a resignar da Frente Libanesa. Em 1982, a Frente Libanesa promoveu Bachir Gemayel à presidência. Ele foi eleito presidente pelo parlamento libanês por 58 dos 62 votos tanto de cristãos quanto de muçulmanos, apenas para ser assassinado três semanas depois. Durante a segunda metade da década de 1980, a maioria dos líderes proeminentes da Frente Libanesa faleceram (Pierre Gemayel em 1984, Chamoun e Charles Malik em 1987) e foram substituídos por outros líderes como , Amin Gemayel e . A Frente Libanesa existiu então apenas por um curto período. , filho do falecido Camille Chamoun, formou uma nova Frente Libanesa, mas uma semana depois do fim da Guerra Civil Libanesa em outubro de 1990, Dany foi assassinado e a Frente Libanesa chegou ao fim. (pt)
  • Ливанский фронт (араб. الجبهة اللبنانية‎, фр. Front Libanais), в русскоязычной транскрипции также Куфур фронт — политическая коалиция правохристианских сил в ливанской гражданской войне. Создан в 1976 году объединением праворадикальных, национал-либеральных и консервативных организаций христианской общины Ливана. Располагал вооружённым крылом Ливанские силы. Противостоял «левомусульманскому блоку» и сирийскому военно-политическому вмешательству. Распался в середине 1980-х в результате внутренней борьбы в правохристианском лагере. (ru)
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  • الجبهة اللبنانية تحالف عدة أحزاب وشخصيات يمينية لبنانية، تأسس سنة 1976 في بداية الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية لمواجهة الحركة الوطنية اللبنانية ومنظمة التحرير الفلسطينية. ومن بين مقترحاتها اقامة نظام فيدرالي، ولقبت بالجبهة الانعزالية من طرف خصومها. ترأس الجبهة الرئيس الأسبق كميل شمعون زعيم حزب الوطنيين الأحرار. (ar)
  • Die Libanesische Front (LF; arabisch الجبهة اللبنانية, französisch Front libanaise) war eine rechtsgerichtete Koalition von überwiegend christlichen Parteien, die 1977 während des Libanesischen Bürgerkrieges gebildet wurde. Einer der Mitbegründer der Libanesische Front war der frühere Präsident der UN-Generalversammlung Charles Habib Malik. Sie war dazu bestimmt, als Gegenkraft zu der Libanesischen Nationalbewegung (LNM) von Kamal Dschumblat, dem damaligen Führer der Drusen und anderen zu agieren. In den letzten Jahren gab es Versuche, die Koalition zu erneuern. (de)
  • El Frente Libanés (en árabe: الجبهة اللبنانية‎, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya) o Front Libanais en francés, fue una coalición de partidos políticos, en su mayoría nacionalistas, formado en agosto de 1976 por intelectuales maronitas durante la Guerra civil libanesa.​ Se supone que la creación de esta organización fue una respuesta a la creación del , una coalición de izquierda liderada por Kamal Jumblatt y sus aliados. (es)
  • Front Libański (arab.: الجبهة اللبنانية) był prawicową koalicją przeważnie chrześcijańskich partii utworzoną w 1976 roku podczas wojny domowej w Libanie jako przeciwwaga dla lewicowego . W skład sojuszu wchodziły: Falangi Libańskie Pierre'a Dżemajela, Narodowa Partia Liberalna Kamila Szamuna, Brygada Marada Sulajmana Farandżijji, Al-Tanzim oraz Strażnicy Cedrów. Ogółem Front Libański liczył ok. 18 tys. członków zbrojnych milicji, z których we wrześniu 1976 r. utworzono Siły Libańskie. Koalicja została rozwiązana na przełomie lat 80. i 90. (pl)
  • Il Fronte Libanese (in arabo: الجبهة اللبنانية‎, al-Jabha al-Lubnāniyya), conosciuto anche come "Fronte Kufur", è stato uno schieramento di movimenti politici a prevalenza cristiana maronita in Libano, costituito nel 1976, nel corso della guerra civile libanese. L'accordo incluse anche le milizie armate, unite nelle Forze Libanesi. Esso fu costituito per controbilanciare la potenza di fuoco dello schieramento cosiddetto "progressista" del Movimento Nazionale Libanese guidato da Kamal Jumblatt. La coalizione si sciolse nel 1986. (it)
  • Ливанский фронт (араб. الجبهة اللبنانية‎, фр. Front Libanais), в русскоязычной транскрипции также Куфур фронт — политическая коалиция правохристианских сил в ливанской гражданской войне. Создан в 1976 году объединением праворадикальных, национал-либеральных и консервативных организаций христианской общины Ливана. Располагал вооружённым крылом Ливанские силы. Противостоял «левомусульманскому блоку» и сирийскому военно-политическому вмешательству. Распался в середине 1980-х в результате внутренней борьбы в правохристианском лагере. (ru)
  • The Lebanese Front (Arabic: الجبهة اللبنانية, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya) or Front Libanais in French, was a coalition of mainly Lebanese Nationalist parties formed in 1976 by majority Christian intellectuals during the Lebanese War. It was intended to act as a reaction force to the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Kamal Jumblatt and other left-wing allies. In 1982, the Lebanese Front promoted Bachir Gemayel for the presidency. He was elected as president by the Lebanese parliament by 58 out of 62 votes from both Christians and Muslims, only to be assassinated three weeks later. (en)
  • A Frente Libanesa (em árabe: الجبهة اللبنانية, al-Jabha al-Lubnaniyya, em francês: Front Libanais), foi uma coalizão de partidos nacionalistas libaneses formada em 1976 por intelectuais majoritariamente cristãos durante a Guerra Civil Libanesa. A intenção era agir como uma força de reação ao Movimento Nacional Libanês de Kamal Jumblatt e outros aliados de esquerda. Em 1982, a Frente Libanesa promoveu Bachir Gemayel à presidência. Ele foi eleito presidente pelo parlamento libanês por 58 dos 62 votos tanto de cristãos quanto de muçulmanos, apenas para ser assassinado três semanas depois. (pt)
rdfs:label
  • Lebanese Front (en)
  • الجبهة اللبنانية (ar)
  • Libanesische Front (de)
  • Frente Libanés (es)
  • Fronte Libanese (it)
  • Front Libański (pl)
  • Frente Libanesa (pt)
  • Ливанский фронт (ru)
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