About: Kirkbride Plan

Property	Value
dbo:abstract	يشير مخطّط كيركبرايد إلى نظام تصميم للمصحّات العقلية صمّمه الطبيب النفسي في فيلادالفيا توماس ستوري كيركبرايد (1809-1883م) في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. تم إنشاء المصحّات التي بنيت وفق تصميم كيركبرايد –والتي يُشار إليها غالباً باسم مباني كيركبرايد- من منتصف إلى أواخر القرن التاسع عشر في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. كانت الخصائص الهيكليّة للمستشفيات التي بُنيت على النّحو الذي حدّده الدكتور كيركبرايد مشروطة بنظريّاته فيما يتعلّق بعلاج المرضى العقليّين، حيث كانت البيئة والتّعرض للضّوء والهواء الطّبيعيّين أموراً رئيسيّة. اعتمدت المستشفيات التي بُنيت وفق مخطّط كيركبرايد على أساليب معماريّة مختلفة، ولكنّها اشتركت في مخطّط «جناح الخفّاش»، التي ضمّ العديد من الأجنحة التي تمتد من المركز باتجاه الخارج. أوّل مستشفى تم تصميمه وفق مخطّط كيركبرايد كان مستشفى ترنتون في مدينة ترينتون في ولاية نيوجيرسي، وتمّ تشييده في عام 1848م. وخلال الفترة المتبقيّة من القرن التاسع عشر، تم تصميم العديد من مستشفيات الأمراض العقليّة بموجب مخطّط كيركبرايد في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتّحدّة الأمريكيّة. بحلول القرن العشرين، تضاءلت شعبيّة التصميم، ويرجع ذلك إلى حد كبير إلى الضّغوطات الاقتصاديّة للحفاظ على المرافق الضخمة؛ فضلاً عن الطّعن بنظريّات الدكتور كيركبرايد ضمن المجتمع الطّبّيّ. لاتزال توجد العديد من هياكل كيركبرايد حتّى اليوم، رغم أنّ العديد منها قد هُدم بشكل كلّيّ أو جزئيّ من أجل إعادة الاستعمال. تم تسجيل ما لا يقل عن 25 مبنى من مباني كيركبرايد الأصليّة في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في الولايات المتّحدّة الأمريكيّة، وكانت تُسجّل إما المستشفى بكامل أبنيتها أوبموقعها العام أو ببعض الأبنية الجزئيّة فيها. (ar) The Kirkbride Plan was a system of mental asylum design advocated by American psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883) in the mid-19th century. The asylums built in the Kirkbride design, often referred to as Kirkbride Buildings (or simply Kirkbrides), were constructed during the mid-to-late-19th century in the United States. The structural features of the hospitals as designated by Kirkbride were contingent on his theories regarding the healing of the mentally ill, in which environment and exposure to natural light and air circulation were crucial. The hospitals built according to the Kirkbride Plan would adopt various architectural styles, but had in common the "bat wing" style floor plan, housing numerous wings that sprawl outward from the center. The first hospital designed under the Kirkbride Plan was the Trenton State Hospital in Trenton, New Jersey, constructed in 1848. Throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century, numerous psychiatric hospitals were designed under the Kirkbride Plan across the United States. By the twentieth century, popularity of the design had waned, largely due to the economic pressures of maintaining the immense facilities, as well as contestation of Kirkbride's theories amongst the medical community. Numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, though many have been demolished or partially-demolished and repurposed. At least 30 of the original Kirkbride buildings have been registered with the National Register of Historic Places in the United States, either directly or through their location on hospital campuses or in historic districts. (en) Durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, l'État américain engage de fortes sommes d'argent pour la prise en charge des patients atteints de troubles mentaux. Ceux-ci passent progressivement de l'enfermement carcéral à la prise en charge thérapeutique en hôpital spécialisé. Le Docteur Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809-1883) est un médecin psychiatre américain qui a eu une forte influence sur la conception des hôpitaux psychiatriques aux États-Unis dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Le terme de Kirkbride Building lui est associé. Selon ce médecin la construction même des bâtiments destinés à recevoir les patients a une influence sur la qualité des soins qui leur sont apportés. Un certain nombre d'hôpitaux psychiatriques construits entre 1850 et 1900 suivent ses recommandations. L'apport financier important des pouvoirs publics permit de bâtir des ensembles très luxueux pour l'époque. (fr) План Киркбрайда — архитектурная схема зданий для содержания душевнобольных, предложенная американским психиатром Томасом Киркбрайдом (1809—1883) в середине XIX века. В первой половине века граждане США, страдающие от психических расстройств, содержались в тюрьмах, частных домах, подвалах общественных зданий, зачастую в ужасающих условиях. Благодаря деятельности активистов, таких как Доротея Дикс, были созданы первые крупные госпитали, финансируемые отдельными штатами. Это были первые заведения в США, целью которых была не изоляция, а попытка лечения болезней психики. В сороковые годы суперинтенданты нескольких госпиталей объединились в (англ. Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane), с целью улучшения терапии пациентов. Как самый авторитетный заведующий клиникой, Киркбрайд был избран Ассоциацией для составления плана, по которому должны были строиться новые госпитали. Архитектурные требования к новым крупным зданиям, предложенные Киркбрайдом и одобренные Ассоциацией, опирались на теорию «моральной терапии» (англ. Moral Treatment). Палаты госпиталя должны были линейно расходиться от центрального здания, чтобы предоставить максимальное освещение и приток свежего воздуха и способствовать скорейшему выздоровлению. Среди 26 пунктов Плана было требование о максимальной верхней границе численности пациентов. В каждом госпитале должно было быть не более 250 больных, для того, чтобы у врачей была возможность индивидуальной работы с каждым из них. Это условие было наиболее сложным, и его в итоге не удалось соблюсти — штатами возводились всё более крупные госпитали, чьё население порой составляло тысячи человек. К концу XIX века во многих штатах уже были выстроены «здания Киркбрайда». Они были очень крупными, и порой врачу требовалось более десяти минут идти от одного края госпиталя до другого. Росли и затраты на содержание. Вопреки стремлению Киркбрайда к простоте, последующие архитекторы создавали порой настоящие викторианские дворцы, однако внешнее благолепие слабо влияло на уровень терапии и условия содержания многочисленных пациентов. К началу XX века стало ясно, что «целебные» здания на лоне природы сами по себе не исцеляют, и большинство клиник были заброшены либо проданы. (ru)
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dbp:caption	Sites of current and former Kirkbride Hospitals in the United States (en) Surviving Kirkbride Plan buildings in the United States as of 2017 (en)
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rdfs:comment	يشير مخطّط كيركبرايد إلى نظام تصميم للمصحّات العقلية صمّمه الطبيب النفسي في فيلادالفيا توماس ستوري كيركبرايد (1809-1883م) في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر. تم إنشاء المصحّات التي بنيت وفق تصميم كيركبرايد –والتي يُشار إليها غالباً باسم مباني كيركبرايد- من منتصف إلى أواخر القرن التاسع عشر في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. كانت الخصائص الهيكليّة للمستشفيات التي بُنيت على النّحو الذي حدّده الدكتور كيركبرايد مشروطة بنظريّاته فيما يتعلّق بعلاج المرضى العقليّين، حيث كانت البيئة والتّعرض للضّوء والهواء الطّبيعيّين أموراً رئيسيّة. (ar) The Kirkbride Plan was a system of mental asylum design advocated by American psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride (1809–1883) in the mid-19th century. The asylums built in the Kirkbride design, often referred to as Kirkbride Buildings (or simply Kirkbrides), were constructed during the mid-to-late-19th century in the United States. Numerous Kirkbride structures still exist, though many have been demolished or partially-demolished and repurposed. (en) Durant la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, l'État américain engage de fortes sommes d'argent pour la prise en charge des patients atteints de troubles mentaux. Ceux-ci passent progressivement de l'enfermement carcéral à la prise en charge thérapeutique en hôpital spécialisé. Un certain nombre d'hôpitaux psychiatriques construits entre 1850 et 1900 suivent ses recommandations. L'apport financier important des pouvoirs publics permit de bâtir des ensembles très luxueux pour l'époque. (fr) План Киркбрайда — архитектурная схема зданий для содержания душевнобольных, предложенная американским психиатром Томасом Киркбрайдом (1809—1883) в середине XIX века. В первой половине века граждане США, страдающие от психических расстройств, содержались в тюрьмах, частных домах, подвалах общественных зданий, зачастую в ужасающих условиях. Благодаря деятельности активистов, таких как Доротея Дикс, были созданы первые крупные госпитали, финансируемые отдельными штатами. Это были первые заведения в США, целью которых была не изоляция, а попытка лечения болезней психики. (ru)
rdfs:label	مخطط كيركبرايد (ar) Kirkbride Plan (en) Bâtiment Kirkbride (fr) План Киркбрайда (ru)
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