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- Joachim Westphal (* 1510 in Hamburg; † 16. Januar 1574 ebenda) war ein lutherischer Reformator und Kontroverstheologe. Er ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem gleichnamigen und zeitgenössischen Eislebener Theologen. (de)
- Joachim Westphal (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "Gnesio-Lutheran" theologian and Protestant reformer. From 1571 to 1574 he served as Superintendent of Hamburg (per pro already since 1562), presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of the city-state. He was educated in the school of the parish of St. Nicolai in his native city, then in Lüneburg, and entered the University of Wittenberg, where he became the pupil of Melanchthon and Luther. In 1532, on the recommendation of Melanchthon, he was appointed teacher at the Johanneum in his native city. In 1534 he returned to the University of Wittenberg, and in the following year removed with the university to Jena. After his return to Wittenberg in 1537 he lectured on philology. In 1541 he became preacher of the church of St. Catharine in Hamburg; then acting superintendent in 1562, and was elected Superintendent of Hamburg in 1571. He is best known for his participation in the theological controversies of his time. He took part in that on the descent into hell, also in the discussion concerning the Leipzig Interim and in that over the Adiaphora. More important was that over the Lord's Supper. In 1552 he published Farrago confusanearum et inter se dissidentium opinionum de coena Domini, ex Sacramentariorum libris congesta, a warning against those who deny the presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper. He points out to the adherents of Luther the alarming progress which the sacramentarians had made and tries to prove the falsity of their doctrine by its diversity. In 1553 he issued Recta fides de coena Domini, an exegetical discussion of 1 Cor. 11 and the Words of Institution; in 1555 Collectanea sententiarum D. Aurelii Augustini de coena Domini and Fides Cyrilli episcopi Alexandriae de praesentia corporis et sanguinis Christi. Calvin answered in January 1555, with his Defensio sanae et orthodoxae doctrinae de sacramentis. Thus there was opened a controversy which involved on the side of the Reformed Lasco, Bullinger, Ochino, , Beza, and Bibliander; on the side of the Lutherans , , Schnepff, E. Alberus, Gallus, Flacius, , Brenz, and Andreä. Westphal replied to Calvin in Adversus cuiusdam sacramentarii falsam criminationem iusta defensio, in qua et eucharistiae causa agitur (1555), to which Calvin answered in Secunda defensio piae et orthodoxae de sacramentis fidei (1556), which was an attempt to draw to his side the Philippists of Saxony and Lower Germany. Other works of Westphal occasioned by this controversy are: Epistola Joachimi Westphali, qua breviter respondet ad convicia J. Calvini (1556); Confessio fidei de eucharistiae sacramento, in qua ministri ecclesiarum Saxoniae...astruunt corporis et sanguinis D. n. J. Christi praesentiam in coena sancta, et de libro Calvini ipsis dedicato respondent (Magdeburg, 1557); Justa defensio adversus insignia mendacia J. a Lasco, quae in epistola ad Poloniae regem contra Saxonicas ecclesias sparsit (1557); Apologetica scripta Johannis Westphali, quibus et sanam doctrinam de eucharistia defendit et foedissimas calumnias sacramentariorum diluit (1558); Confutatio aliquot enormium mendaciorum Johannis Calvini (1558); Apologia confessionis de Coena Domini (1558). This book contains a chapter "De adoratione Christi in Eucharistia", where he defends elevation and use of bell during consecration. (en)
- Joachim Westphal, né en 1510 à Hambourg où il est mort le 16 janvier 1574, est un théologien luthérien allemand. L’un des plus fougueux polémistes de l’orthodoxie luthérienne du XVIe siècle, Westphal fit ses études à Wittemberg avec Luther et Melanchthon, professa et prêcha à Rostock et à Hambourg. Il entra dans des controverses successives avec Melanchthon et ses disciples, défendant avec passion les idées de Flacius, avec Osiander, et surtout avec Pierre Martyr, Lasco et Calvin au sujet de la Cène. Il se montra particulièrement dur à l’égard des réformés que la persécution de Marie Tudor avait chassés d’Angleterre et qu’il contribua à faire expulser à son tour des principales villes du nord de l’Allemagne. La liste des nombreux et peu édifiants écrits de controverse de Westphal se trouve dans le Corpus Reformatorum de Bretschneider (VII-IX) et dans la Cimbria literata de Joh. Mollerus, Haun., 1744, III, 648 ss. (fr)
- Joachim Westphal (Hamburgo, 1510 — 16 de janeiro de 1574) foi um teólogo alemão "Gnesio-Luterano". (pt)
- Joachim Westphal, född 1510 eller 1511 i Hamburg, död 16 januari 1574 i Hamburg, var en luthersk teolog och reformator. Johan Westphal studerade för Martin Luther och Philipp Melanchthon i Wittenberg och vid flera andra tyska universitet. Han slog sig därefter ned i Wittenberg som föreläsare och predikant. Efter att ha avböjt en professur i Rostock 1541 accepterade han samma år att bli pastor vid Katarinakyrkan i Hamburg. Där blev han snart invecklad i den tidens religiösa strider. Han stod på sida. Till exempel höll han med Matthias Flacius i Interimsstriden. Mest känd blev Westphal genom de hårda nattvardsstriderna, som han inledde med ett våldsamt angrepp på den kalvinska uppfattningen i skriften Farrago 1552. När han fick myndigheterna i Hamburg att utvisa de engelska kalvinska flyktingarna från staden 1554, svarade Jean Calvin själv med Defensio 1555. Slutligen utsågs han till superintendent i Hamburg, först som tillförordnad 1562-1571, och sedan som ordinarie. Denne Joachim Westphal skall inte förväxlas med den samtida predikanten och teologiska författaren Joachim Westphal från Mansfeld, död 1569. (sv)
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- Joachim Westphal (* 1510 in Hamburg; † 16. Januar 1574 ebenda) war ein lutherischer Reformator und Kontroverstheologe. Er ist nicht zu verwechseln mit dem gleichnamigen und zeitgenössischen Eislebener Theologen. (de)
- Joachim Westphal (Hamburgo, 1510 — 16 de janeiro de 1574) foi um teólogo alemão "Gnesio-Luterano". (pt)
- Joachim Westphal (born at Hamburg 1510 or at the beginning of 1511; died there 16 January 1574) was a German "Gnesio-Lutheran" theologian and Protestant reformer. From 1571 to 1574 he served as Superintendent of Hamburg (per pro already since 1562), presiding as spiritual leader over the Lutheran state church of the city-state. (en)
- Joachim Westphal, né en 1510 à Hambourg où il est mort le 16 janvier 1574, est un théologien luthérien allemand. L’un des plus fougueux polémistes de l’orthodoxie luthérienne du XVIe siècle, Westphal fit ses études à Wittemberg avec Luther et Melanchthon, professa et prêcha à Rostock et à Hambourg. Il entra dans des controverses successives avec Melanchthon et ses disciples, défendant avec passion les idées de Flacius, avec Osiander, et surtout avec Pierre Martyr, Lasco et Calvin au sujet de la Cène. (fr)
- Joachim Westphal, född 1510 eller 1511 i Hamburg, död 16 januari 1574 i Hamburg, var en luthersk teolog och reformator. Johan Westphal studerade för Martin Luther och Philipp Melanchthon i Wittenberg och vid flera andra tyska universitet. Han slog sig därefter ned i Wittenberg som föreläsare och predikant. Efter att ha avböjt en professur i Rostock 1541 accepterade han samma år att bli pastor vid Katarinakyrkan i Hamburg. Där blev han snart invecklad i den tidens religiösa strider. Han stod på sida. Till exempel höll han med Matthias Flacius i Interimsstriden. (sv)
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