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Horace Clifford Levinson (30 June 1895, Chicago – 1968, Kennebunk, Maine) was an American mathematician, astronomer, and pioneer of operations research, introducing quantitative methods and sophisticated mathematical models into advertising and merchandising. In September 1922, Levinson received his Ph.D. in mathematical astronomy and pure mathematics from the University of Chicago with thesis The gravitational field of masses relatively at rest according to Einstein's theory of gravitation. In 1924 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto.

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  • Horace Clifford Levinson (30 June 1895, Chicago – 1968, Kennebunk, Maine) was an American mathematician, astronomer, and pioneer of operations research, introducing quantitative methods and sophisticated mathematical models into advertising and merchandising. Horace C. Levinson's father was the noted Chicago lawyer Salmon Oliver Levinson. In 1909 the Society of Practical Astronomical was founded by two teenagers: Frederick Charles Leonard (1896–1960) as president and H. C. Levinson as treasurer. The Society was disbanded in 1917, but it played a significant role in the history of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. During World War I, Levinson was a lieutenant in the U.S. Army. In September 1922, Levinson received his Ph.D. in mathematical astronomy and pure mathematics from the University of Chicago with thesis The gravitational field of masses relatively at rest according to Einstein's theory of gravitation. In 1924 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto. During the 1930s, Horace C. Levinson began to apply scientific analysis for the problems of merchandising. His work for L. Bamberger and Company, involved, among other things, a study of customer buying habits, the response to advertising, and the relation of environment to the type of articles sold. In the 1920s, Levinson had completed a study for a mail-order house on the effect of speeded-up shipment on the customer acceptance or rejection of c.o.d. packages. His success in predicting general human reactions from the collection and analysis of great quantities of data led him later to initiate a study for Bamberger on the effectiveness, in terms of added sales, of keeping department stores open at night. Levinson taught mathematics at Ohio State University and was the chair of the Committee on Operations Research of the U.S. National Research Council. (en)
  • 赫拉斯·克利福德·李文森 (Horace Clifford Levinson,1895年6月30日,芝加哥 – 1968, 肯尼邦鎮, Maine)是一位美國數學家、天文學家、作業研究的先驅。他引入了量化分析方法,並且在廣告與推銷方面使用了複雜的數學模型。 李文森的父親是芝加哥地區著名的律師Salmon Oliver Levinson. 1909年,少年李文森與他的朋友Frederick Charles Leonard (1896–1960)一起成立了實用天文觀測學會(Society of Practical Astronomical),Frederick Charles Leonard擔任主席,而李文森擔任財務長。 雖然學會在1917年解散,但它在美國變星觀測者協會的歷史上扮演重要的角色. 一次大戰期間,李文森在美軍服役,軍銜為中尉。 1922年9月,李文森在芝加哥大學獲得數理天文與純數學領域的博士學位,學位論文為The gravitational field of masses relatively at rest according to Einstein's theory of gravitation. 1924年受邀至多倫多的國際數學家大會演講。. 1930年代,李文森使用科學分析方法處理了推銷方面的問題。他為L. Bamberger and Company的研究工作包括研究客戶的購買習慣、對廣告的反應以及環境與所售商品類型之間的關係。在1920年代,李文森完成了對郵購公司的研究,研究加快發貨對客戶接受或拒絕貨到付款的影響。 李文森成功地從大量數據的收集和分析中,預測了大眾的普遍反應,使他後來得以為Bamberger公司進行銷售有效性方面的,藉由讓百貨公司於夜間營業以提高增加銷售。 李文森在俄亥俄州立大學擔當數學教職,也曾擔任美國國家學院的作業研究委員會主席。 (zh)
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  • Horace Clifford Levinson (30 June 1895, Chicago – 1968, Kennebunk, Maine) was an American mathematician, astronomer, and pioneer of operations research, introducing quantitative methods and sophisticated mathematical models into advertising and merchandising. In September 1922, Levinson received his Ph.D. in mathematical astronomy and pure mathematics from the University of Chicago with thesis The gravitational field of masses relatively at rest according to Einstein's theory of gravitation. In 1924 he was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in Toronto. (en)
  • 赫拉斯·克利福德·李文森 (Horace Clifford Levinson,1895年6月30日,芝加哥 – 1968, 肯尼邦鎮, Maine)是一位美國數學家、天文學家、作業研究的先驅。他引入了量化分析方法,並且在廣告與推銷方面使用了複雜的數學模型。 李文森的父親是芝加哥地區著名的律師Salmon Oliver Levinson. 1909年,少年李文森與他的朋友Frederick Charles Leonard (1896–1960)一起成立了實用天文觀測學會(Society of Practical Astronomical),Frederick Charles Leonard擔任主席,而李文森擔任財務長。 雖然學會在1917年解散,但它在美國變星觀測者協會的歷史上扮演重要的角色. 一次大戰期間,李文森在美軍服役,軍銜為中尉。 1922年9月,李文森在芝加哥大學獲得數理天文與純數學領域的博士學位,學位論文為The gravitational field of masses relatively at rest according to Einstein's theory of gravitation. 1924年受邀至多倫多的國際數學家大會演講。. 李文森在俄亥俄州立大學擔當數學教職,也曾擔任美國國家學院的作業研究委員會主席。 (zh)
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  • Horace Clifford Levinson (en)
  • 赫拉斯·克利福德·李文森 (zh)
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