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- Brazilian painting, or visual arts, emerged in the late 16th century, influenced by the Baroque style imported from Portugal. Until the beginning of the 19th century, that style was the dominant school of painting in Brazil, flourishing across the whole of the settled territories, mainly along the coast but also in important inland centers like Minas Gerais. A sudden break with the Baroque tradition was imposed on the art of the nation by the arrival of the Portuguese court in 1808, fleeing the French invasion of Portugal. However, Baroque painting still survived in many places until the end of the 19th century. In 1816, the king, John VI, supported the project of creating a national Academy at the suggestion of some French artists led by Joachim Lebreton, a group later known as the French Artistic Mission. They were instrumental in introducing the Neoclassical style and a new concept of artistic education mirroring the European academies, being the first teachers at the newly founded school of art. Through the following 70 years, the Royal School of Sciences, Arts and Crafts, later renamed the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, would dictate the standards in art, a mixed trend of Neoclassicism, Romanticism, and Realism with nationalist inclinations which would be the basis for the production of a large amount of canvases depicting the nation's history, battle scenes, landscapes, portraits, genre painting, and still lifes, and featuring national characters like black people and Indians. Victor Meirelles, Pedro Américo, W. Reichardt, and Almeida Junior were the leaders of such academic art, but this period also received important contributions from foreigners like Georg Grimm, Augusto Müller, and Nicola Antonio Facchinetti. In 1889 the monarchy was abolished, and the republican government renamed the Imperial Academy the National School of the Fine Arts, which would be short-lived, absorbed in 1931 by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Meanwhile, Modernism was already being cultivated in São Paulo and by some academic painters, and the new movement superseded Academicism. In 1922 the event called Week of Modern Art broke definitely with academic tradition and started a nationalist trend which was, however, influenced by Primitivism and by European Expressionism, Surrealism and Cubism. Anita Malfatti, Ismael Nery, Lasar Segall, Emiliano di Cavalcanti, Vicente do Rego Monteiro, and Tarsila do Amaral wrought major changes in painting, while groups like Santa Helena and Núcleo Bernardelli evolved toward a moderate interpretation of Modernism, with important artists such as Aldo Bonadei and José Pancetti. Cândido Portinari is the best example of this last tendency. Under government patronage he dominated Brazilian painting in the mid-20th century until Abstractionism showed up in the 1950s. The period between 1950 and 1970 witnessed the emergence of many new styles. Action painting, Lyrical Abstraction, Neoconcretism, Neoexpressionism, Pop art, Neorealism — all contributed to some extent to the creation of huge diversity in Brazilian painting and to the updating of Brazilian art. After a period of relative decline in the conceptualist 1970s, national art revived in the 1980s under the influence of the world's renewed interest in traditional painting. Then Brazilian painting showed a new strength, spread across the whole country, and started being appreciated in international forums. (en)
- La pintura en Brasil nació con los primeros registros visuales del territorio, naturaleza y pueblos nativos brasileños, realizados por exploradores y viajeros europeos cerca de cincuenta años después del descubrimiento. Los indígenas ya realizaban, desde hace mucho tiempo, algunas formas de pintura sobre el cuerpo, en paredes de cuevas y en objetos, pero su arte no influenció la evolución posterior de la pintura brasileña, que pasó a ser dependiente de patrones traídos por los conquistadores y misionarios portugueses. Durante el siglo XVII, la pintura en Brasil ya experimentaba un gran desarrollo, aunque difuso y limitado al litoral, que desde entonces conoció un progreso ininterrumpido y siempre con mayor rapidez y sofisticación, con grandes momentos importantes: el primero durante el apogeo del barroco, con la pintura decorativa en iglesias; después, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, con la actuación de la Academia Imperial de Bellas Artes; en la década de 1920, cuando se inicia el movimiento modernista, que tuvo éxito en introducir un sentido de genuino brasileño en la pintura producida en el país, y en tiempos recientes, cuando la pintura brasileña comienza a destacarse en el exterior y su sistema de producción, enseñanza, divulgación y consumo de la pintura está firmemente estabilizada a través de muchos museos, cursos universitarios y escuelas más pequeñas, exposiciones y galerías comerciales, además de ser una actividad que cuenta con incontables practicantes profesionales y novatos. (es)
- La peinture brésilienne est née avec les premiers enregistrements visuels du territoire, de la nature et des indigènes brésiliens, réalisés par des explorateurs et des voyageurs européens environ cinquante ans après la découverte du Brésil. Les autochtones pratiquaient déjà depuis longtemps certaines formes de peinture corporelle, sur les murs des grottes et sur des objets, mais leur art n'a pas influencé l'évolution ultérieure de la peinture brésilienne, qui est devenue dépendante des motifs apportés par les conquistadors et les missionnaires portugais ou européens. Au XVIIe siècle, la peinture au Brésil a déjà connu un développement considérable, bien que diffus et limité à la côte, et depuis lors, elle a connu un progrès ininterrompu et toujours avec plus de force et de raffinement, avec de grands moments : le premier a eu lieu à l'apogée du baroque, avec la peinture décorative dans les églises ; puis, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, avec l'action de l'Académie impériale des Beaux-Arts de Rio de Janeiro, qui essaie d'introduire un sentiment de brésilianité au travers de la peinture romantique brésilienne ; dans les années 1920, lorsque le mouvement moderniste commence et parvient à introduire cette brésilianité ; puis à l'époque contemporaine, lorsque la peinture brésilienne a commencé à se distinguer à l'étranger et que le système de production, d'enseignement, de diffusion et de consommation de la peinture a été fermement stabilisé grâce à de nombreux musées, cursus universitaires et petites écoles, expositions et galeries commerciales, en plus d'être une activité qui compte d'innombrables praticiens professionnels et amateurs. (fr)
- A pintura no Brasil é uma das principais expressões da cultura brasileira. Nasceu com os primeiros registros visuais do território, da natureza e dos povos nativos brasileiros, realizados por exploradores e viajantes europeus cerca de cinquenta anos após o Descobrimento. Os índígenas já praticavam há muito tempo algumas formas de pintura no corpo, em paredes de grutas e em objetos, mas sua arte não influenciou a evolução posterior da pintura brasileira, que passou a ser dependente de padrões trazidos pelos conquistadores e missionários portugueses. No século XVII a pintura no Brasil já experimentava um desenvolvimento considerável, ainda que difuso e limitado ao litoral, e desde então conheceu um progresso ininterrupto e sempre com maior pujança e refinamento, com grandes momentos assinaláveis: o primeiro no apogeu do Barroco, com a pintura decorativa nas igrejas; depois, na segunda metade do século XIX, com a atuação da Academia Imperial de Belas Artes; na década de 1920, quando se inicia o movimento modernista, que teve sucesso em introduzir um sentido de genuína brasilidade na pintura produzida no país, e em tempos recentes, quando a pintura brasileira começa a se destacar no exterior e o sistema de produção, ensino, divulgação e consumo da pintura está firmemente estabilizado através de muitos museus, cursos universitários e escolas menores, exposições e galerias comerciais, além de ser uma atividade que conta com inúmeros praticantes profissionais e amadores. (pt)
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- Brazilian painting, or visual arts, emerged in the late 16th century, influenced by the Baroque style imported from Portugal. Until the beginning of the 19th century, that style was the dominant school of painting in Brazil, flourishing across the whole of the settled territories, mainly along the coast but also in important inland centers like Minas Gerais. (en)
- La pintura en Brasil nació con los primeros registros visuales del territorio, naturaleza y pueblos nativos brasileños, realizados por exploradores y viajeros europeos cerca de cincuenta años después del descubrimiento. Los indígenas ya realizaban, desde hace mucho tiempo, algunas formas de pintura sobre el cuerpo, en paredes de cuevas y en objetos, pero su arte no influenció la evolución posterior de la pintura brasileña, que pasó a ser dependiente de patrones traídos por los conquistadores y misionarios portugueses. (es)
- La peinture brésilienne est née avec les premiers enregistrements visuels du territoire, de la nature et des indigènes brésiliens, réalisés par des explorateurs et des voyageurs européens environ cinquante ans après la découverte du Brésil. Les autochtones pratiquaient déjà depuis longtemps certaines formes de peinture corporelle, sur les murs des grottes et sur des objets, mais leur art n'a pas influencé l'évolution ultérieure de la peinture brésilienne, qui est devenue dépendante des motifs apportés par les conquistadors et les missionnaires portugais ou européens. (fr)
- A pintura no Brasil é uma das principais expressões da cultura brasileira. Nasceu com os primeiros registros visuais do território, da natureza e dos povos nativos brasileiros, realizados por exploradores e viajantes europeus cerca de cinquenta anos após o Descobrimento. Os índígenas já praticavam há muito tempo algumas formas de pintura no corpo, em paredes de grutas e em objetos, mas sua arte não influenciou a evolução posterior da pintura brasileira, que passou a ser dependente de padrões trazidos pelos conquistadores e missionários portugueses. (pt)
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