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- The bias ratio is an indicator used in finance to analyze the returns of investment portfolios, and in performing due diligence. The bias ratio is a concrete metric that detects valuation bias or deliberate price manipulation of portfolio assets by a manager of a hedge fund, mutual fund or similar investment vehicle, without requiring disclosure (transparency) of the actual holdings. This metric measures abnormalities in the distribution of returns that indicate the presence of bias in subjective pricing. The formulation of the Bias Ratio stems from an insight into the behavior of asset managers as they address the expectations of investors with the valuation of assets that determine their performance. The bias ratio measures how far the returns from an investment portfolio – e.g. one managed by a hedge fund – are from an unbiased distribution. Thus the bias ratio of a pure equity index will usually be close to 1. However, if a fund smooths its returns using subjective pricing of illiquid assets the bias ratio will be higher. As such, it can help identify the presence of illiquid securities where they are not expected. The bias ratio was first defined by Adil Abdulali, a risk manager at the investment firm Protégé Partners. The concepts behind the bias ratio were formulated between 2001 and 2003 and privately used to screen money managers. The first public discussions on the subject took place in 2004 at New York University's Courant Institute and in 2006 at Columbia University. The bias ratio has since been used by a number of Risk Management professionals to spot suspicious funds that subsequently turned out to be frauds. The most spectacular example of this was reported in the Financial Times on 22 January 2009 titled "Bias ratio seen to unmask Madoff"! (en)
- 乖離率（英語：Bias Ratio, BIAS），代表當日股票收盤價或盤中市價與移動平均線的差距，以分析股價偏離某時期平均價（平均成本）的程度。乖離率可分為正乖離率與負乖離率，若股價在移動平均線之上，稱為正乖離率；股價在移動平均線之下，則為負乖離率。乖離率可視作某時期的平均報酬率。乖離率是由移動平均線之買賣法則所延伸之技術指標，其判斷依據為當股價偏離移動平均線很遠時，會轉而趨向移動平均線；但買賣法則並未論述偏離程度應達到多少，股價將向移動平均線靠近。 當股價與移動平均線的差距愈遠時，乖離率的絕對值愈大（乖離率可正可負），代表乖離愈大，股價即將有修正偏離的可能；當乖離率呈現正值過大或負值過大情況時，股價均會產生反轉的修正走勢。 「正乖離」越正表示「超買」（Overbought），將有下跌的壓力；「負乖離」越負表示「超賣」（Oversold），將有上升的動能，此時股價將有向平均成本移動作調整的機會。當乖離率達到多少意味為超買及超賣，此判斷之標準將見仁見智。 單獨使用乖離率會有買賣點不明確的缺點，僅能解釋成發生反轉的機會增加，尚需佐以經驗法則和其他分析工具來作判斷。 (zh)
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- 乖離率（英語：Bias Ratio, BIAS），代表當日股票收盤價或盤中市價與移動平均線的差距，以分析股價偏離某時期平均價（平均成本）的程度。乖離率可分為正乖離率與負乖離率，若股價在移動平均線之上，稱為正乖離率；股價在移動平均線之下，則為負乖離率。乖離率可視作某時期的平均報酬率。乖離率是由移動平均線之買賣法則所延伸之技術指標，其判斷依據為當股價偏離移動平均線很遠時，會轉而趨向移動平均線；但買賣法則並未論述偏離程度應達到多少，股價將向移動平均線靠近。 當股價與移動平均線的差距愈遠時，乖離率的絕對值愈大（乖離率可正可負），代表乖離愈大，股價即將有修正偏離的可能；當乖離率呈現正值過大或負值過大情況時，股價均會產生反轉的修正走勢。 「正乖離」越正表示「超買」（Overbought），將有下跌的壓力；「負乖離」越負表示「超賣」（Oversold），將有上升的動能，此時股價將有向平均成本移動作調整的機會。當乖離率達到多少意味為超買及超賣，此判斷之標準將見仁見智。 單獨使用乖離率會有買賣點不明確的缺點，僅能解釋成發生反轉的機會增加，尚需佐以經驗法則和其他分析工具來作判斷。 (zh)
- The bias ratio is an indicator used in finance to analyze the returns of investment portfolios, and in performing due diligence. The bias ratio is a concrete metric that detects valuation bias or deliberate price manipulation of portfolio assets by a manager of a hedge fund, mutual fund or similar investment vehicle, without requiring disclosure (transparency) of the actual holdings. This metric measures abnormalities in the distribution of returns that indicate the presence of bias in subjective pricing. The formulation of the Bias Ratio stems from an insight into the behavior of asset managers as they address the expectations of investors with the valuation of assets that determine their performance. (en)
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