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Moss-troopers were brigands of the mid-17th century, who operated across the border country between Scotland and the northern English counties of Northumberland and Cumberland during the period of the English Commonwealth, until after the Restoration. Much like the earlier Border reivers who had operated in the lawless region during the 16th century and were dealt with, moss-troopers do not have a clear genesis. They gradually evolved, or reemerged, from the long running sociopolitical milieu of the Border. Mention of them appears suddenly in historical records and gives the false impression that they appeared suddenly, but the first statute passed to deal with them, the Moss Troopers Act 1662 (13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 22), notes the moss-troopers to have been a long-running problem. With the 16

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  • Mosstrooper (de)
  • Moss-troopers (fr)
  • Moss-trooper (en)
  • Moss-trooper (pt)
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  • Mosstroopers waren Räuber, die während und nach der Zeit des Commonwealth in Schottland ihr Unwesen trieben. (de)
  • Les moss-troopers (« troupes de la mousse ») étaient des bandits qui opéraient en Écosse au temps du Commonwealth de l'Angleterre. (fr)
  • Moss-troopers were brigands of the mid-17th century, who operated across the border country between Scotland and the northern English counties of Northumberland and Cumberland during the period of the English Commonwealth, until after the Restoration. Much like the earlier Border reivers who had operated in the lawless region during the 16th century and were dealt with, moss-troopers do not have a clear genesis. They gradually evolved, or reemerged, from the long running sociopolitical milieu of the Border. Mention of them appears suddenly in historical records and gives the false impression that they appeared suddenly, but the first statute passed to deal with them, the Moss Troopers Act 1662 (13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 22), notes the moss-troopers to have been a long-running problem. With the 16 (en)
  • Moss-troopers eram bandoleiros que em meados do século XVII operavam na região de fronteira entre a Escócia e os condados norte-ingleses de Northumberland e Cumberland durante o período da Comunidade da Inglaterra, até depois da Restauração. Tal como os border reivers que os precederam e operavam nessa região sem lei durante o século XVI e foram combatidos através de leis mais severas, os moss-troopers não tinham origem determinada. Eles surgiram do complexo meio sociopolítico da região dessa fronteira. As menções a eles aparecem subitamente nos registros históricos e dão a falsa impressão de sua aparição foi súbita, mas o primeiro estatuto legal aprovado para lidar com a questão, o Moss Troopers Act 1662 (13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 22), observava que os moss-troopers já eram um problema de longa (pt)
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  • Mosstroopers waren Räuber, die während und nach der Zeit des Commonwealth in Schottland ihr Unwesen trieben. (de)
  • Moss-troopers were brigands of the mid-17th century, who operated across the border country between Scotland and the northern English counties of Northumberland and Cumberland during the period of the English Commonwealth, until after the Restoration. Much like the earlier Border reivers who had operated in the lawless region during the 16th century and were dealt with, moss-troopers do not have a clear genesis. They gradually evolved, or reemerged, from the long running sociopolitical milieu of the Border. Mention of them appears suddenly in historical records and gives the false impression that they appeared suddenly, but the first statute passed to deal with them, the Moss Troopers Act 1662 (13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 22), notes the moss-troopers to have been a long-running problem. With the 1662 act about to expire, the Cavalier Parliament passed the Moss Troopers Act 1666 (18 Cha. 2 c. 3). Under section two of this act, the Benefit of clergy was taken away from those convicted, which generally meant a death sentence, or otherwise with judicial discretion, the notorious thieves and spoil-takers in Northumberland or Cumberland were to be transported to America, "there to remaine and not to returne". Many moss-troopers were disbanded or deserting soldiers from one of the Scottish armies of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. They had kept their weapons and lived a life of brigandage, attacking both civilians and Parliamentary soldiers for supplies during the Royalist rising of 1653 to 1654 when English Parliamentarian troops under George Monck occupied Scotland. Moss-troopers usually operated in small bands, either on the fringes of the Highlands or in the border regions. Many Highland lairds complained of moss-troopers' cattle-stealing and of how they incurred military reprisals against the Highlands as a whole. Some moss-troopers may have had a national-political as well as an economic motivation, believing in resisting the Cromwellian occupation of Scotland - much as their Irish contemporaries, the "tories", in part resisted English occupation. (en)
  • Les moss-troopers (« troupes de la mousse ») étaient des bandits qui opéraient en Écosse au temps du Commonwealth de l'Angleterre. (fr)
  • Moss-troopers eram bandoleiros que em meados do século XVII operavam na região de fronteira entre a Escócia e os condados norte-ingleses de Northumberland e Cumberland durante o período da Comunidade da Inglaterra, até depois da Restauração. Tal como os border reivers que os precederam e operavam nessa região sem lei durante o século XVI e foram combatidos através de leis mais severas, os moss-troopers não tinham origem determinada. Eles surgiram do complexo meio sociopolítico da região dessa fronteira. As menções a eles aparecem subitamente nos registros históricos e dão a falsa impressão de sua aparição foi súbita, mas o primeiro estatuto legal aprovado para lidar com a questão, o Moss Troopers Act 1662 (13 & 14 Cha. 2. c. 22), observava que os moss-troopers já eram um problema de longa data. Quando esta legislação estava próxima do fim da validade, o Parlamento Cavalier aprovou o Moss Troopers Act 1666 (18 Cha. 2 c. 3). Sob os termos dessa lei, o benefício clerical tinha sua incidência afastada, o que geralmente significava a aplicação da pena de morte, ou ao arbítrio do juiz, os famosos ladrões de Northumberland e Cumberland estavam sujeitos ao desterro penal para América do Norte, para "lá permanecer e não retornar". Muitos grupos de moss-troopers foram dissolvidos ou desertaram para um dos exércitos escoceses que se envolveram nos conflitos da região durante as Guerras dos Três Reinos, uma parte da Guerra Civil Inglesa. Eles haviam mantido suas armas e viviam como bandoleiro, atacando tanto a população civil, quanto os soldados das tropas de George Monck, 1.º Duque de Albemarle, ocuparam a Escócia. Os moss-troopers geralmente operavam em pequenos bandos, tanto nas franjas das Terras Altas escocesas, quanto na fronteira da Inglaterra com a Escócia. Muitos lairds - latifundiários das Terras Altas - postulavam reclamações contra o roubo de gado e de como os bandoleiros realizavam represálias militares contra as Terras Altas como um todo. (pt)
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