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yago:Organism100004475 yago:LivingThing100004258 yago:Object100002684 yago:CausalAgent100007347 yago:PhysicalEntity100001930 yago:Microorganism101326291 yago:Virus101328702 yago:Whole100003553 yago:InfectiousAgent109312843 yago:WikicatViruses yago:Agent109190918
rdfs:label
エンベロープ (ウイルス) Pericapside Cápsula viral Virový obal Virusenvelop Lipidhölje غلاف الفيروس Virushülle Viral envelope Enveloppe virale Вирусная оболочка 바이러스 외피 Embolcall víric Вірусна оболонка Birus bilgarri Imchlúdach víris 病毒包膜 Envoltura vírica Selubung virus
rdfs:comment
Birus bilgarria mintz lipidikoa da, eta animalien birusetan ohikoa den kapsida birikoa inguratzen du. Landare-birus eta bakteriofago gutxi batzuek baino ez dute bilgarria. Animalietan, ostalariaren mintz plasmatikotik (edo haren mintz nuklearretik) dator hein handi batean; baina zelula-mintz hori ez da bilgarriaren osagai bakarra; kanporantz, genoma birikoan kodetutako glukoproteinak agertzen dira. Sarritan, glukoproteinak oso antigeno biriko garrantzitsuak diren espikulak osatzeko biltzen dira. Askok, bilgarriaren eta kapsidearen artean, zementatzen duen proteina-matrizea dute (adibidez: ). Bíonn imchlúdaigh víris ag roinnt víreas (e.g. VEID agus go leor víris ainmhithe) a chlúdaíonn a gcuid caipsidí próitéine cosantacha. Is iondúil go bhfaightear na clúdaigh ó chodanna de na cillscannáin óstacha ( fosfailipidí agus próitéiní), ach go gcuimsíonn siad roinnt gliceapróitéiní víreasacha. D'fhéadfadh siad cabhrú le víris córas imdhíonachta an óstaigh a sheachaint. Is féidir le gliceapróitéiní ar dhromchla an imchlúdaigh suíomhanna gabhdóra a aithint agus a cheangal ar scannán an óstaigh.Comhtháthaíonn an t-imchlúdach víris ansin le scannán an óstaigh, rud a ligeann don chaipsid agus an géanóm víreasach an t-óstach a iontráil agus a ionfhabhtú. O envelope viral é a camada mais externa de diversos tipos de vírus. Ela protege o material genético durante o seu ciclo vital, enquanto está transitando entre células hospedeiras. Nem todos os vírus têm envelope. Alguns vírus envelopados possuem um capsídeo, outra camada de proteína entre o envelope e o genoma. エンベロープ (envelope) は、単純ヘルペスウイルスやインフルエンザウイルス、ヒト免疫不全ウイルスなど一部のウイルス粒子に見られる膜状の構造のこと。これらのウイルスにおいて、エンベロープはウイルス粒子(ビリオン)の最も外側に位置しており、ウイルスの基本構造となるウイルスゲノムおよびカプシドと呼ばれるタンパク質の殻・層を覆っている。エンベロープの有無はウイルスの種類によって決まっており、分離されたウイルスがどの種類のものであるかを鑑別する際の指標の一つである。 エンベロープは通常、宿主細胞膜(リン脂質とタンパク質)に由来し、ウイルス性糖タンパク質も含み、宿主の免疫系を回避することを助ける。 Molts virus tenen una càpsula vírica o embolcall víric que en cobreix les càpsides proteiques. Aquesta coberta es compon habitualment de fragments de proteïnes i fosfolípids de la membrana cel·lular de l'hoste, però inclou algunes glicoproteïnes víriques. La funció primordial de la càpsula vírica és ajudar els virus a entrar a les cèl·lules hoste. Les glicoproteïnes de la superfície de la coberta serveixen per a identificar i unir-se als llocs receptors de la membrana de l'hoste. La càpsula vírica es fusiona després amb la membrana de l'hoste, cosa que permet a la càpsida i el genoma vírics entrin i infectin l'hoste. العديد من الفيروسات لها غلاف فيروسي يغلف بروتين القفيصة. ونوعية الأغلفة الفيروسية مشتقة من غشاء الخلية الثوية (الشحمي الفوسفوري و البروتينات)، لكن يضم أيضا بروتينات سكرية فيروسية. وظيفيا، يستعمل الغلاف الفيروسي للمساعدة في دخول الفيروس اٍلى الخلية الثوية. البروتينات السكرية على سطح الغلاف تعمل على تعريف والربط بالمستقبلات الغشائية للخلايا الثوية. يندمج بعد الاٍرتباط الغشاء الفيروسي بغشاء الخلية الثوية، لتسمح للقفيصة والجينوم الفيروسي بالدخول وعدوى الخلية الثوية. Ви́русная оболо́чка, или суперкапси́д, — дополнительная оболочка, покрывающая капсид многих вирусов (в том числе вируса гриппа и многих вирусов животных). Virový obal je membrána (lipidová dvouvrstva), která obaluje virové částice některých virů. Viry, které mají virový obal, se označují jako obalené viry. A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion p Il pericapside o peplos (detto anche involucro, envelope in inglese) è lo strato più esterno che ricopre alcuni tipi di virus. È posto esternamente al capside ed è composto da un doppio strato di fosfolipidi, intervallati da numerose glicoproteine; tra il pericapside e il capside si interpongono le proteine virus-specifiche della matrice virale, a costituire uno strato chiamato tegumento. Lipidhölje är ett yttre hölje som finns hos många virus, exempelvis influensavirus. Lipidhöljet omger virusets proteinskal, som benämnes kapsel eller kapsiden. Lipidhöljet består av ett lipidmembran vilket avknoppats från värdcellen, höljet består av fett och kolhydrater från värdcellen tillsammans med viruskodade glykoproteiner. Lipidhöljet hjälper viruset att tränga in i nya värdceller. Glykoproteinerna på höljets utsida gör att viruset kan identifiera och fästa sig vid receptorerna på den nya värdcellens membran. Membranen smälter sedan samman och kapsiden kan tränga in i och infektera värden. 바이러스 외피(viral envelope) 바이러스의 가장 바깥 층이다. 숙주 세포 사이를 이동할 때 바이러스 게놈을 보호한다. 모든 바이러스에 외피가 있는 것은 아니다. 외피는 일반적으로 숙주 세포막(인지질 및 단백질)의 일부에서 파생되지만 일부 바이러스 당단백질을 포함한다. 외피는 바이러스가 숙주의 면역계를 회피하는 데 도움을 준다. 외피 표면에 있는 당단백질은 숙주의 막에 있는 수용체를 확인하고 결합하는 역할을 한다. 그런 다음 바이러스 외피는 숙주의 막과 융합되어 캡시드와 바이러스 게놈이 숙주 세포에 들어가 감염되도록 한다. 모든 외피 바이러스는 외피와 게놈 사이에 또 다른 단백질 층인 캡시드를 가지고 있다. 바이러스가 진출하는 세포는 죽거나 약화되어 오랜 기간 동안 더 많은 바이러스 입자를 내보낸다. 이러한 바이러스의 지질 이중층 외피는 건조, 열, 비누 및 세제와 같은 양친매성 물질에 상대적으로 민감하므로 외피가 없는 바이러스보다 살균이 더 쉽고 숙주 환경 외부에서 생존이 제한된다. 따라서 숙주에서 직접 전달되어야 한다. 외피 바이러스는 적응력이 뛰어나 면역계를 회피하기 위해 단시간에 변할 수 있다. 외피 바이러스는 지속적인 감염을 일으킬 수 있다. Вірусна оболонка або суперкапсид — зовнішній шар багатьох видів вірусів. Вона захищає генетичний матеріал під час переміщення між клітинами-господарями. Не всі віруси мають оболонки. Зазвичай оболонки утворюються з частинок мембран клітин-господарів (фосфоліпідів та протеїнів), але містять трохи вірусних глікопротеїнів. Вони можуть допомагати вірусам обходити імунну систему господаря. Глікопротеїни на поверхні оболонки служать для ідентифікації рецептора на мембрані господаря та прив'язки до нього. Після цього вірусна оболонка зливається з мембраною господаря, дозволяючи капсиду та вірусному геному проникнути на інфікувати господаря. De virusenvelop of virusomhulsel is een bij bepaalde virussen voorkomende uitwendige structuur, die bestaat uit lipiden (vetten) van een dubbelmembraan, gemaakt met materiaal uit gastheercellen en de daarin opgeslagen virale eiwitten. Het virusomhulsel omsluit ten minste een eiwitmantel (capside), waarin op zijn beurt de virale nucleïnezuren zijn verpakt. Afhankelijk van het soort virus ontstaat het virusomhulsel uit de celmembraan aan het celoppervlak of uit membranen van het endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER), bijvoorbeeld golgiapparaatjes in het inwendige van de cel. 大部分病毒(如流感病毒等许多动物病毒)都拥有病毒包膜(英語:viral envelope,简称包膜,又称套膜)结构,其在病毒的最外层,覆盖在核壳的外面。包膜物质通常源自于宿主的细胞膜,因此携带宿主的磷脂和蛋白质,但也具有病毒的醣蛋白。包膜可帮助病毒躲避宿主的免疫系统的监视,并帮助病毒侵入宿主细胞。具有包膜的这群病毒被称为“包膜病毒”(英語:enveloped viruses)。 有些包膜表面的糖蛋白呈旋钮状突起结构,且可用于识别、结合并激活宿主细胞膜表面的受体,称为包膜突起(peplomer)或包膜子粒,现今又常称为刺突蛋白(spike protein),但这些糖蛋白一般不呈现尖刺状。在病毒包膜突起与宿主易感细胞表面受体结合后,病毒体会通过融合方式穿入宿主细胞:包膜与宿主的细胞膜融合在一起,而将病毒的衣壳和基因組释放入宿主的细胞质,因此感染了宿主细胞。被病毒感染的细胞还可进一步地与周围正常的易感细胞融合,形成多核巨细胞。 包膜的磷脂双分子层对干燥、热以及清洁剂非常敏感,因此这些病毒相比不带包膜的病毒更易灭活,限制了其在宿主外的生存能力,使其的传播很难远离宿主。但包膜病毒具有很强的适应性,可以在短时间内发生变化,以逃避免疫系统,因此能造成持续性的感染。 La envoltura vírica​ es una membrana lipídica que rodea a la cápside vírica típica de los virus animales. Sólo unos pocos virus vegetales y bacteriófagos tienen envoltura. En los animales proviene en gran parte de la membrana plasmática del hospedador (o de su membrana nuclear); pero esta membrana celular no es el único componente de la envoltura; hacia el exterior aparecen glucoproteínas que están codificadas en el genoma vírico. Frecuentemente la glucoproteína se agrupa para formar o espinas que son importantísimos antígenos víricos. Die Virushülle (englisch viral envelope) ist eine bei bestimmten Viren vorhandene äußere Struktur, die aus Lipiden einer Phospholipid-Doppelschicht der ursprünglichen Wirtszelle und darin eingelagerten viralen Proteinen besteht. Die Virushülle umschließt meistens ein Kapsid, in das wiederum die virale Nukleinsäure verpackt ist. Je nach Virusart entsteht die Hülle aus der Zellmembran an der Zelloberfläche oder aus Membranen des Endoplasmatischen Retikulums (ER) bzw. Golgi-Apparates im Inneren der Zelle. L’enveloppe virale est une structure externe existant chez certains virus. Elle consiste en une membrane lipidique constituée à partir de la membrane en double couche de la cellule hôte, et de protéines virales qui y sont insérées. L'enveloppe virale contient habituellement une capside contenant l'acide nucléique viral. Selon l'espèce de virus, l'enveloppe provient de la membrane extérieure de la cellule, ou de celles du réticulum endoplasmique, par exemple de l'appareil de Golgi au sein de la cellule. Sejumlah virus (misalnya HIV dan virus yang menyerang hewan) memiliki selubung virus (amplop) sebagai lapisan terluar saat tahapan daur hidupnya berada pada sel inang. Virus yang berselubung juga memiliki protein yang disebut kapsid antara selubung dan genomnya. Selubung virus ini diturunkan sebagian dari membran sel inang (fosfolipid dan protein), dan dapat pula menyertakan glikoprotein virus. Protein itu dapat menghindarkan virus dari sistem kekebalan inang. Glikoprotein pada permukaan selubung berguna untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengikat reseptor pada membran inang. Selubung virus bergabung dengan membran sel inang sehingga kapsid dan genom virus masuk dan menginfeksi inang.
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L’enveloppe virale est une structure externe existant chez certains virus. Elle consiste en une membrane lipidique constituée à partir de la membrane en double couche de la cellule hôte, et de protéines virales qui y sont insérées. L'enveloppe virale contient habituellement une capside contenant l'acide nucléique viral. Selon l'espèce de virus, l'enveloppe provient de la membrane extérieure de la cellule, ou de celles du réticulum endoplasmique, par exemple de l'appareil de Golgi au sein de la cellule. La présence d'une enveloppe virale est un critère important pour la distinction entre virus, la taxonomie des virus. On y distingue les virus enveloppés des virus nus. Alors que les virus nus ne peuvent quitter leur cellule hôte qu'à la destruction de celle-ci (lyse), les virus enveloppés peuvent être libérés sans une telle destruction. L'enveloppe virale a une grande importance pour l'infection de la cellule par le virus, la stabilité envers les influences externes, notamment les désinfectants, ainsi qu'une plus grande capacité de changement de la surface du virus. Cette variabilité au moyen de l'enveloppe est un avantage évolutionnaire par rapport aux virus nus. Elle permet aux virus enveloppés d'échapper plus facilement aux défenses immunitaires de l'hôte, ou de mieux s'adapter à un nouvel hôte. Ces propriétés de l'enveloppe virale deviennent évidentes quand on constate que tous les virus émergents chez l'homme, qui représentent un danger de pandémie, sont des virus enveloppés, comme le HIV, le SRAS, le virus de la grippe, le virus Ebola ou le virus du Nil occidental. Ви́русная оболо́чка, или суперкапси́д, — дополнительная оболочка, покрывающая капсид многих вирусов (в том числе вируса гриппа и многих вирусов животных). Il pericapside o peplos (detto anche involucro, envelope in inglese) è lo strato più esterno che ricopre alcuni tipi di virus. È posto esternamente al capside ed è composto da un doppio strato di fosfolipidi, intervallati da numerose glicoproteine; tra il pericapside e il capside si interpongono le proteine virus-specifiche della matrice virale, a costituire uno strato chiamato tegumento. Lipidhölje är ett yttre hölje som finns hos många virus, exempelvis influensavirus. Lipidhöljet omger virusets proteinskal, som benämnes kapsel eller kapsiden. Lipidhöljet består av ett lipidmembran vilket avknoppats från värdcellen, höljet består av fett och kolhydrater från värdcellen tillsammans med viruskodade glykoproteiner. Lipidhöljet hjälper viruset att tränga in i nya värdceller. Glykoproteinerna på höljets utsida gör att viruset kan identifiera och fästa sig vid receptorerna på den nya värdcellens membran. Membranen smälter sedan samman och kapsiden kan tränga in i och infektera värden. Virus med lipidhölje kallas höljevirus, medan virus som har kapseln som yttre skal och saknar hölje, kallas nakna virus. Höljevirus är inte lika tåliga som nakna virus. De kan inte överleva utan fukt, vilket innebär att de inte kan smitta genom torr kroppskontakt utan överförs direkt från värd till värd främst genom kroppsvätskor som saliv. De är känsliga för värme och rengöringsmedel, smitta orsakad av höljevirus motverkas exempelvis genom desinfektion med sprit, vilken slår ut virusets fetthölje. 바이러스 외피(viral envelope) 바이러스의 가장 바깥 층이다. 숙주 세포 사이를 이동할 때 바이러스 게놈을 보호한다. 모든 바이러스에 외피가 있는 것은 아니다. 외피는 일반적으로 숙주 세포막(인지질 및 단백질)의 일부에서 파생되지만 일부 바이러스 당단백질을 포함한다. 외피는 바이러스가 숙주의 면역계를 회피하는 데 도움을 준다. 외피 표면에 있는 당단백질은 숙주의 막에 있는 수용체를 확인하고 결합하는 역할을 한다. 그런 다음 바이러스 외피는 숙주의 막과 융합되어 캡시드와 바이러스 게놈이 숙주 세포에 들어가 감염되도록 한다. 모든 외피 바이러스는 외피와 게놈 사이에 또 다른 단백질 층인 캡시드를 가지고 있다. 바이러스가 진출하는 세포는 죽거나 약화되어 오랜 기간 동안 더 많은 바이러스 입자를 내보낸다. 이러한 바이러스의 지질 이중층 외피는 건조, 열, 비누 및 세제와 같은 양친매성 물질에 상대적으로 민감하므로 외피가 없는 바이러스보다 살균이 더 쉽고 숙주 환경 외부에서 생존이 제한된다. 따라서 숙주에서 직접 전달되어야 한다. 외피 바이러스는 적응력이 뛰어나 면역계를 회피하기 위해 단시간에 변할 수 있다. 외피 바이러스는 지속적인 감염을 일으킬 수 있다. A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fusion process. To create potentially protective vaccines for human pathogenic enveloped viruses for which there is currently no vaccine, it is essential to comprehend how antibodies interact with viral envelope proteins, particularly with the fusion protein, and how antibodies neutralize viruses. Enveloped viruses enter cells by joining a cellular membrane to their lipid bilayer membrane. Priming by proteolytic processing, either of the fusion protein or of a companion protein, is necessary for the majority of viral fusion proteins. The priming stage then gets the fusion protein ready for triggering by the processes that go along with attachment and uptake, which frequently happens during transport of the fusion protein to the cell surface but may also happen extracellularly. So far, structural studies have revealed two kinds of viral fusion proteins. These proteins are believed to catalyze the same mechanism in both situations, resulting in the fusing of two bilayers. In other words, these proteins operate as enzymes, which while having various structural variations catalyze the same chemical reaction. The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. One of the main parts of human pathogenic viruses is glycoprotein. They have been shown to play significant roles in immunity and infection. Viral glycoproteins, a new class of cellular inhibitory proteins has been discovered. These include the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) family, which among other things, inhibits the expression of cell surface proteins implicated in adaptive immunity. Being made up mostly of host membrane, the viral envelope can also have the proteins associated with the host cell within their membrane after budding. Many enveloped viruses mature by budding at the plasma membrane, which allows them to be discharged from infected cells. During this procedure, viral transmembrane proteins, also known as "spike" proteins, are integrated into membrane vesicles containing viral core components. For a very long time, it was thought that the spike proteins, which are necessary for infectivity, were directly incorporated into the viral core through their cytoplasmic domains. Recent research suggests that while such direct interactions may be what causes the budding of alphaviruses, this may not be the case for retroviruses and negative strand RNA viruses. These viruses can form bud particles even in the absence of spike proteins by relying only on viral core components. The spike proteins can occasionally be produced as virus-like particles without the viral core. Therefore, optimal budding and release may be dependent on a coordinated "push-and-pull" action between core and spike, where oligomerization of both components is essential. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases increase phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells and inhibit immunological responses brought on by Toll-like receptors and type I interferons when they are activated by the ligands Gas6 and Protein S. (IFNs). The phospholipid phosphatidylserine may be seen on the membranes of several enveloped viruses, which they employ to bind Gas6 and Protein S to activate TAM receptors. Ligand-coated viruses stimulate type I IFN signaling, activate TAM receptors on dendritic cells (DCs), and suppress type II IFN signaling to circumvent host defenses and advance infection. TAM-deficient DCs exhibit type I IFN responses that are more pronounced than those of wild-type cells in response to viral exposure. As a result, flaviviruses and pseudo typed retroviruses have a harder time infecting TAM-deficient DCs, albeit infection can be brought back by type I IFN antibodies. A TAM kinase inhibitor, meanwhile, prevents infection of wild-type DCs. TAM receptors, which are potential targets for therapy, are thereby activated by viruses to reduce type I IFN signaling. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The particular set of viral proteins are engaged in a series of structural changes. When these changes are set/finished, there is then and only then, fusion with the host membrane. These glycoproteins mediate the interaction between virion and host cell, typically initiating the fusion between the viral envelope and the host's cellular membrane. In some cases, the virus with an envelope will form an endosome within the host cell. There are three main types of viral glycoproteins: Envelope proteins, membrane proteins, and spike proteins (E, M, and S). The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host. All enveloped viruses also have a capsid, another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome. The virus wraps its delicate nucleic acid with a protein shell known as the capsid, from the Latin capsa, meaning "box," in order to shield it from this hostile environment. Similar to how numerous bricks come together to form a wall, the capsid is made up of one or more distinct protein types that repeatedly repeat to form the whole capsid. This repetitive pattern creates a robust but rather flexible capsid. The nucleic acid inside the capsid is appropriately protected by its modest size and physical difficulty in opening it. The nucleocapsid of the virion is made up of the nucleic acid and the capsid. Remember that the genomes of most viruses are very small. Genes code for instructions to make proteins, so small genomes cannot code for many proteins. Therefore, the virion capsid consists of one or only a few proteins that repeat over and over to form the structure. The viral nucleic acid would be physically too large to fit inside the capsid if it consisted of more than a few proteins.The capsid, having a focused role of protecting the genome in addition to immune recognition evasion. The viral capsid is known for its protection of RNA before it is inserted into the host cell, unlike the viral envelope which protects the protein capsid. The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened, and sheds more viral particles for an extended period. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is relatively sensitive to desiccation, heat, and amphiphiles such as soap and detergents, therefore these viruses are easier to sterilize than non-enveloped viruses, have limited survival outside host environments, and typically must transfer directly from host to host. Viral envelope persistence, wither it be enveloped or naked, are a factor in determining longevity of a virus on inanimate surfaces. Enveloped viruses possess great adaptability and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections. Vaccination against enveloped viruses can function by neutralizing the glycoprotein activity with antibodies. Sejumlah virus (misalnya HIV dan virus yang menyerang hewan) memiliki selubung virus (amplop) sebagai lapisan terluar saat tahapan daur hidupnya berada pada sel inang. Virus yang berselubung juga memiliki protein yang disebut kapsid antara selubung dan genomnya. Selubung virus ini diturunkan sebagian dari membran sel inang (fosfolipid dan protein), dan dapat pula menyertakan glikoprotein virus. Protein itu dapat menghindarkan virus dari sistem kekebalan inang. Glikoprotein pada permukaan selubung berguna untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengikat reseptor pada membran inang. Selubung virus bergabung dengan membran sel inang sehingga kapsid dan genom virus masuk dan menginfeksi inang. Dalam jangka waktu tertentu, sel tempat virus berkembang biak dapat dilemahkan atau bahkan mati. Selubung lipida dwilapis dari virus cukup sensitif terhadap pengeringan, panas, dan deterjen, sehingga mudah disterilkan daripada virus-virus yang tidak berselubung, jangka hidup yang pendek di luar inang, dan dapat bertransfer dari inang yang satu ke inang yang lain. Virus yang berselubung memiliki kemampuan beradaptasi yang tinggi dan dapat berubah dalam waktu singkat untuk menghindari sistem kekebalan tubuh. Virus berselubung dapat menyebabkan jangkitan berkepanjangan. Вірусна оболонка або суперкапсид — зовнішній шар багатьох видів вірусів. Вона захищає генетичний матеріал під час переміщення між клітинами-господарями. Не всі віруси мають оболонки. Зазвичай оболонки утворюються з частинок мембран клітин-господарів (фосфоліпідів та протеїнів), але містять трохи вірусних глікопротеїнів. Вони можуть допомагати вірусам обходити імунну систему господаря. Глікопротеїни на поверхні оболонки служать для ідентифікації рецептора на мембрані господаря та прив'язки до нього. Після цього вірусна оболонка зливається з мембраною господаря, дозволяючи капсиду та вірусному геному проникнути на інфікувати господаря. Деякі віруси з оболонками також мають капсид, інший протеїновий шар між оболонкою та геномом. Клітина, від якої відбруньковується вірус, зазвичай помирає або стає ослаблена і викидає більше вірусних частинок протягом певного періоду. Ліпідна двошарова оболонка цих вірусів відносно чутлива до висушування, нагрівання та мийних засобів, тому такі віруси легше стерилізувати, ніж віруси, що не мають оболонки, мають обмежену можливість виживання за межами середовища господаря і зазвичай повинні переноситись безпосередньо від господаря до господаря. Віруси з оболонкою дуже добре пристосовуються і можуть швидко змінюватися для обходу імунної системи. Віруси з оболонкою можуть спричинити стійкі інфекції. O envelope viral é a camada mais externa de diversos tipos de vírus. Ela protege o material genético durante o seu ciclo vital, enquanto está transitando entre células hospedeiras. Nem todos os vírus têm envelope. O envelope geralmente é derivado de partes da membrana (fosfolipídios e proteínas) da célula hospedeira, inclui, também, algumas glicoproteínas virais, que ajudam o vírus a evitar o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro. As glicoproteínas na superfície do envelope servem para identificar e se vincular aos receptores de membrana na célula parasitada. Então, o envelope viral se funde à membrana, permitindo que o genoma viral entre e infecte a célula hospedeira. Alguns vírus envelopados possuem um capsídeo, outra camada de proteína entre o envelope e o genoma. A célula, de onde o vírus se reproduz, geralmente morre ou se enfraquece e continua a expelir partículas virais por um tempo. A bicamada fosfolipídica do envelope viral é relativamente sensível à dessecação, calor e detergentes, portanto, estes vírus são mais fáceis de esterilizar do que os não-envelopados, possuem curto tempo de sobrevivência fora do hospedeiro e geralmente são transferidos por contato direto. Eles possuem grande adaptabilidade e variabilidade, podendo se modificar em curtos períodos de tempo para evadir o sistema imunológico. Vírus envelopados podem causar infecções persistentes. Birus bilgarria mintz lipidikoa da, eta animalien birusetan ohikoa den kapsida birikoa inguratzen du. Landare-birus eta bakteriofago gutxi batzuek baino ez dute bilgarria. Animalietan, ostalariaren mintz plasmatikotik (edo haren mintz nuklearretik) dator hein handi batean; baina zelula-mintz hori ez da bilgarriaren osagai bakarra; kanporantz, genoma birikoan kodetutako glukoproteinak agertzen dira. Sarritan, glukoproteinak oso antigeno biriko garrantzitsuak diren espikulak osatzeko biltzen dira. Askok, bilgarriaren eta kapsidearen artean, zementatzen duen proteina-matrizea dute (adibidez: ). Bilgarria malgua da, . Gainera, bilgarriak geruza bikoitz lipidiko bat du, lehortzearekiko, beroarekiko eta detergenteekiko sentikorra, eta, beraz, eterrarekin bakarrik eraso daiteke, lipidoak disolbatzen baititu eta birusa inaktibatu egiten baita. Bilgarriaren funtzio nagusia birusari zelula ostalarian sartzen laguntzea da. Azaleko glukoproteinak zelula ostalarien mintzaren puntu hartzaileak identifikatzeko eta haiekin lotzeko balio dute. Bilgarri birikoa, gero, zelularen mintzarekin urtzen da, eta, horri esker, kapside eta genoma birikora sar daiteke. Eskuarki, infektatutako zelula birus-partikulez kargatzen da aldi luze batez. La envoltura vírica​ es una membrana lipídica que rodea a la cápside vírica típica de los virus animales. Sólo unos pocos virus vegetales y bacteriófagos tienen envoltura. En los animales proviene en gran parte de la membrana plasmática del hospedador (o de su membrana nuclear); pero esta membrana celular no es el único componente de la envoltura; hacia el exterior aparecen glucoproteínas que están codificadas en el genoma vírico. Frecuentemente la glucoproteína se agrupa para formar o espinas que son importantísimos antígenos víricos. Muchos, entre la envoltura y la cápside presentan una matriz proteica cementante (ejemplo: Rhabdoviridae). La envoltura es flexible dependiendo de su estado, pleomórfica. Además, la envoltura tiene una bicapa lipídica relativamente sensible a la desecación, al calor y a los detergentes, con lo que es atacable simplemente con éter, que disuelve los lípidos, y el virus queda inactivado. La función principal de la envoltura es ayudar al virus a entrar en la célula huésped. Las glucoproteínas de la superficie sirven para identificar y unirse a los puntos receptores en la membrana de las células huésped. La envoltura vírica se fusiona después con la membrana de la célula, lo que le permite entrar a la cápside y al genoma vírico. Usualmente, la célula infectada se carga de partículas víricas por un extenso periodo. De virusenvelop of virusomhulsel is een bij bepaalde virussen voorkomende uitwendige structuur, die bestaat uit lipiden (vetten) van een dubbelmembraan, gemaakt met materiaal uit gastheercellen en de daarin opgeslagen virale eiwitten. Het virusomhulsel omsluit ten minste een eiwitmantel (capside), waarin op zijn beurt de virale nucleïnezuren zijn verpakt. Afhankelijk van het soort virus ontstaat het virusomhulsel uit de celmembraan aan het celoppervlak of uit membranen van het endoplasmatisch reticulum (ER), bijvoorbeeld golgiapparaatjes in het inwendige van de cel. De aanwezigheid van een virusenvelop is een belangrijk criterium bij de indeling van virussen, de zogenaamde . Daarin worden virussen met virusenvelop van de virussen zonder virusenvelop (of 'naakte' virussen) onderscheiden. Terwijl virussen zonder virusenvelop een geïnfecteerde cel steeds alleen kan verlaten door de gastheercel te vernietigen, kunnen virussen met virusenvelop zonder een dergelijke lyse vrijkomen. De virusenvelop is van grote betekenis voor de opname van virussen in de cel, de stabiliteit tegen milieu-invloeden, en ontsmettingsmiddellen, alsook het groter vermogen om gemakkellijker veranderingen in het virusoppervlak aan te brengen. Deze variabiliteit door een virusenvelop is een evolutionair voordeel ten opzichte van virussen zonder envelop. Een virusenvelop stelt virussen in staat om het immuunsysteem van een gastheer gemakkelijker te omzeilen of zich beter aan een nieuwe gastheer aan te passen. Deze eigenschappen van de virusenvelop kunnen het best geïllustreerd worden door verscheidene bij mensen nieuw opkomende virussen („emerging viruses“), die een reëel of potentieel gevaar vanwege een mogelijk pandemie vertegenwoordigen, die omhulde virussen, zoals het hiv, het SARS-coronavirus, het SARS-CoV-2-coronavirus, het influenza-virus, het ebolavirus en het westnijlvirus. Al deze virussen hebben een virusenvelop. Zeep werkt goed tegen virussen met een virusenvelop (waaronder het COVID-19-virus) omdat ze inwerken op de lipide dubbellaag, die deel uitmaakt van het virusomhulsel. Zepen lossen de lipide dubbellaag op in water, waardoor het virus uiteenvalt en niet meer werkzaam is. 大部分病毒(如流感病毒等许多动物病毒)都拥有病毒包膜(英語:viral envelope,简称包膜,又称套膜)结构,其在病毒的最外层,覆盖在核壳的外面。包膜物质通常源自于宿主的细胞膜,因此携带宿主的磷脂和蛋白质,但也具有病毒的醣蛋白。包膜可帮助病毒躲避宿主的免疫系统的监视,并帮助病毒侵入宿主细胞。具有包膜的这群病毒被称为“包膜病毒”(英語:enveloped viruses)。 有些包膜表面的糖蛋白呈旋钮状突起结构,且可用于识别、结合并激活宿主细胞膜表面的受体,称为包膜突起(peplomer)或包膜子粒,现今又常称为刺突蛋白(spike protein),但这些糖蛋白一般不呈现尖刺状。在病毒包膜突起与宿主易感细胞表面受体结合后,病毒体会通过融合方式穿入宿主细胞:包膜与宿主的细胞膜融合在一起,而将病毒的衣壳和基因組释放入宿主的细胞质,因此感染了宿主细胞。被病毒感染的细胞还可进一步地与周围正常的易感细胞融合,形成多核巨细胞。 包膜的磷脂双分子层对干燥、热以及清洁剂非常敏感,因此这些病毒相比不带包膜的病毒更易灭活,限制了其在宿主外的生存能力,使其的传播很难远离宿主。但包膜病毒具有很强的适应性,可以在短时间内发生变化,以逃避免疫系统,因此能造成持续性的感染。 Die Virushülle (englisch viral envelope) ist eine bei bestimmten Viren vorhandene äußere Struktur, die aus Lipiden einer Phospholipid-Doppelschicht der ursprünglichen Wirtszelle und darin eingelagerten viralen Proteinen besteht. Die Virushülle umschließt meistens ein Kapsid, in das wiederum die virale Nukleinsäure verpackt ist. Je nach Virusart entsteht die Hülle aus der Zellmembran an der Zelloberfläche oder aus Membranen des Endoplasmatischen Retikulums (ER) bzw. Golgi-Apparates im Inneren der Zelle. Das Vorhandensein einer Virushülle ist ein wichtiges Kriterium bei der Einteilung von Viren, der sogenannten Virus-Taxonomie. Dabei werden die behüllten Viren von den unbehüllten oder „nackten“ Viren abgegrenzt. Während unbehüllte Viren die infizierte Zelle stets durch Zerstörung der Wirtszelle verlassen müssen, können behüllte Viren ohne eine solche Lyse durch Knospung (englisch budding) freigesetzt werden.Die Virushülle hat eine große Bedeutung bei der Aufnahme von Viren in die Zelle, der Stabilität gegenüber Umwelteinflüssen und Desinfektionsmitteln sowie der erleichterten Fähigkeit zur Veränderung der Virusoberfläche. Diese Variabilität durch eine Virushülle ist ein evolutionärer Vorteil gegenüber unbehüllten Viren. Sie ermöglicht behüllten Viren, die Immunabwehr eines Wirtes leichter zu unterlaufen oder sich besser an einen neuen Wirt anzupassen. Deutlich werden diese Eigenschaften der Virushülle beispielsweise daran, dass sämtliche beim Menschen neu auftretenden Viren (Emerging Viruses), die eine reale oder potentielle Gefährdung durch eine Pandemie darstellen, behüllte Viren sind, so z. B. das HI-Virus, SARS-Coronavirus 1 und 2, Influenzavirus, Ebolavirus und West-Nil-Virus. エンベロープ (envelope) は、単純ヘルペスウイルスやインフルエンザウイルス、ヒト免疫不全ウイルスなど一部のウイルス粒子に見られる膜状の構造のこと。これらのウイルスにおいて、エンベロープはウイルス粒子(ビリオン)の最も外側に位置しており、ウイルスの基本構造となるウイルスゲノムおよびカプシドと呼ばれるタンパク質の殻・層を覆っている。エンベロープの有無はウイルスの種類によって決まっており、分離されたウイルスがどの種類のものであるかを鑑別する際の指標の一つである。 エンベロープは通常、宿主細胞膜(リン脂質とタンパク質)に由来し、ウイルス性糖タンパク質も含み、宿主の免疫系を回避することを助ける。 العديد من الفيروسات لها غلاف فيروسي يغلف بروتين القفيصة. ونوعية الأغلفة الفيروسية مشتقة من غشاء الخلية الثوية (الشحمي الفوسفوري و البروتينات)، لكن يضم أيضا بروتينات سكرية فيروسية. وظيفيا، يستعمل الغلاف الفيروسي للمساعدة في دخول الفيروس اٍلى الخلية الثوية. البروتينات السكرية على سطح الغلاف تعمل على تعريف والربط بالمستقبلات الغشائية للخلايا الثوية. يندمج بعد الاٍرتباط الغشاء الفيروسي بغشاء الخلية الثوية، لتسمح للقفيصة والجينوم الفيروسي بالدخول وعدوى الخلية الثوية. Molts virus tenen una càpsula vírica o embolcall víric que en cobreix les càpsides proteiques. Aquesta coberta es compon habitualment de fragments de proteïnes i fosfolípids de la membrana cel·lular de l'hoste, però inclou algunes glicoproteïnes víriques. La funció primordial de la càpsula vírica és ajudar els virus a entrar a les cèl·lules hoste. Les glicoproteïnes de la superfície de la coberta serveixen per a identificar i unir-se als llocs receptors de la membrana de l'hoste. La càpsula vírica es fusiona després amb la membrana de l'hoste, cosa que permet a la càpsida i el genoma vírics entrin i infectin l'hoste. Habitualment, la cèl·lula en què el virus es gemma, es carrega de més partícules víriques durant un llarg període. Interessantment, la bicapa lipídica d'aquests virus és relativament sensible a la dessecació, la calor i els detergents, de manera que són virus més fàcils d'eliminar que els no encapsulats – en altres paraules, no poden sobreviure fora del medi de l'hoste i han de transferir-se directament d'un hoste a un altre. Virový obal je membrána (lipidová dvouvrstva), která obaluje virové částice některých virů. Viry, které mají virový obal, se označují jako obalené viry. Bíonn imchlúdaigh víris ag roinnt víreas (e.g. VEID agus go leor víris ainmhithe) a chlúdaíonn a gcuid caipsidí próitéine cosantacha. Is iondúil go bhfaightear na clúdaigh ó chodanna de na cillscannáin óstacha ( fosfailipidí agus próitéiní), ach go gcuimsíonn siad roinnt gliceapróitéiní víreasacha. D'fhéadfadh siad cabhrú le víris córas imdhíonachta an óstaigh a sheachaint. Is féidir le gliceapróitéiní ar dhromchla an imchlúdaigh suíomhanna gabhdóra a aithint agus a cheangal ar scannán an óstaigh.Comhtháthaíonn an t-imchlúdach víris ansin le scannán an óstaigh, rud a ligeann don chaipsid agus an géanóm víreasach an t-óstach a iontráil agus a ionfhabhtú.
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dbr:George_Hirst_(virologist)
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Hepatitis_C_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Hepatitis_D
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Herpes_simplex_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Herpesvirus_glycoprotein_B
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Jaagsiekte_sheep_retrovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_tegument
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:West_Nile_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Mitovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_eukaryogenesis
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_matrix_protein
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Salasvirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Teseptimavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Arteriviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Ascoviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Aspiviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Avian_sarcoma_leukosis_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Marine_microorganisms
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Bunyamwera_orthobunyavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Bunyavirales
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:CCR5_receptor_antagonist
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:CD4
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:CD59
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Portogloboviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Sodium_dodecyl_sulfate
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Sondra_Schlesinger
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Fiersviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Hpunavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Human_coronavirus_229E
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Human_coronavirus_HKU1
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Human_coronavirus_NL63
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Human_coronavirus_OC43
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Tilapia_tilapinevirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Inactivated_vaccine
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Influenza
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Microbicides_for_sexually_transmitted_diseases
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Budding
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Narnavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Canine_coronavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Canine_influenza
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Canine_parvovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Carmotetraviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Carrot_virus_Y
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Rabies
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Marburg_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Measles_morbillivirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Molluscum_contagiosum_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Rubella_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Sean_Whelan_(scientist)
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_shedding
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Usutu_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_hemorrhagic_septicemia
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Negative-strand_RNA_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Neutralizing_antibody
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Nidovirales
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Immune_system
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Murine_leukemia_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Lymphocryptovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Okavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Retroviral_matrix_protein
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Plant_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Pneumoviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Rosenblumvirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Transmissible_gastroenteritis_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Flaviviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
n46:AIDS
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Myohalovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Naesvirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Schizotequatrovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Scotophilus_bat_coronavirus_512
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Ungulate_protoparvovirus_1
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Universal_flu_vaccine
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Mycoreovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Mokola_lyssavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Multinucleate
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Mumps_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Tick-borne_encephalitis_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Picornavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Picornavirales
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Piscanivirinae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Polyomaviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Porcine_reproductive_and_respiratory_syndrome_virus_2
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Simarterivirinae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Trichovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Tanganya_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Structure_and_genome_of_HIV
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Nobecovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Phage_major_coat_protein
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Phenuiviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Phikzvirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Respiratory_droplet
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Retrovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:SV40
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Papillomaviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Torovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Rhabdoviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Rhinolophus_bat_coronavirus_HKU2
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Sangassou_orthohantavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_entry
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Virus_classification
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Ravinvirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:SARS-CoV-1
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Vaccinia
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Tunavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Twortvirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Yuavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Variarterivirinae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Stelpaviricetes
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Tequatrovirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Tequintavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_disease
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Spbetavirus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Spiraviridae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Spumaretrovirinae
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Envelope_(biology)
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Envelope_protein
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Envelope_proteins
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Enveloped_virus
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Enveloped_viruses
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_coat
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_envelope_proteins
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_envelopment
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Viral_membrane
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
dbr:Virus_envelope
dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
dbr:Viral_envelope
dbo:wikiPageRedirects
dbr:Viral_envelope
Subject Item
wikipedia-en:Viral_envelope
foaf:primaryTopic
dbr:Viral_envelope