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Two-stage-to-orbit 二级入轨 二段式宇宙輸送機 Dua-tahap-ke-orbit Two-stage-to-orbit
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二級入軌（英語：Two-stage-to-orbit，縮寫：TSTO）或稱二級火箭（英語：two-stage rocket）運載工具，是一種使用兩個不同的級來連續提供推進力以實現軌道速度的航天發射器。它介於發射器和假設的單級入軌（SSTO）發射器之間。起飛時，第一級負責使載具加速，稍後在某一時刻，第二級脫離了第一級，並繼續以自己的力量推進。 相較於單級入軌，這種系統的優勢在於，大部分的載具乾重都不會被帶入軌道。由於大部分結構和發動機質量被卸除，且較大比例的軌道質量是有效載荷質量，因此降低了達到軌道速度所需的成本。 與三級或更多級相比，其優勢在於降低了複雜性並減少了各級脫離的次數，因為每一次的脫離都增加了發射成本與失敗的風險。 Un vehicle de llançament two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO or DSTO - Double/Dual-Stage-To-Orbit, literalment en català òrbita en dues etapes) és una nau espacial en la qual dues etapes diferents proporcionen propulsió consecutiva per assolir la velocitat orbital. És intermedi entre un llançador (lit. cat. òrbita en tres etapes) i un hipotètic vehicle (SSTO, lit. cat. òrbita en una sola etapa). En l'enlairament, la primera etapa és la responsable d'accelerar el vehicle. En algun moment, la segona etapa es desprèn de la primera etapa i continua en òrbita sota el seu propi impuls. A two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) or two-stage rocket launch vehicle is a spacecraft in which two distinct stages provide propulsion consecutively in order to achieve orbital velocity. It is intermediate between a three-stage-to-orbit launcher and a hypothetical single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) launcher. At liftoff the first stage is responsible for accelerating the vehicle. At some point the second stage detaches from the first stage and continues to orbit under its own power. 二段式宇宙輸送機（にだんしきうちゅうゆそうき）は、2段のみで衛星軌道に到達する多段式宇宙機である。two-stage-to-orbit の訳で、TSTOと略す。 一般的なロケットの多くもTSTOであるが、単段式宇宙輸送機 (single-stage-to-orbit, SSTO) と比較する文脈で用いられる語句のため、再使用可能な二段式ロケットを意味することが多い。本稿でも、完全ないし部分再利用型のTSTOについて述べる。なお、3段になる場合は three-stage-to-orbit と呼ばれる。 Kendaraan peluncuran dua-tahap-ke-orbit atau two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO or DSTO - Double/Dual-Stage-To-Orbit) adalah pesawat ruang angkasa di mana dua tahap yang berbeda memberikan propulsi berurutan untuk mencapai kecepatan orbit. Ini adalah penengah antara peluncur tiga-tahap-ke-orbit dan hipotetis peluncur satu tahap-ke-orbit (SSTO). Pada tahap pertama lepas landas bertanggung jawab untuk mempercepat kendaraan. Pada beberapa titik tahap kedua melepaskan dari tahap pertama dan terus mengorbit di bawah tenaga sendiri.
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二級入軌（英語：Two-stage-to-orbit，縮寫：TSTO）或稱二級火箭（英語：two-stage rocket）運載工具，是一種使用兩個不同的級來連續提供推進力以實現軌道速度的航天發射器。它介於發射器和假設的單級入軌（SSTO）發射器之間。起飛時，第一級負責使載具加速，稍後在某一時刻，第二級脫離了第一級，並繼續以自己的力量推進。 相較於單級入軌，這種系統的優勢在於，大部分的載具乾重都不會被帶入軌道。由於大部分結構和發動機質量被卸除，且較大比例的軌道質量是有效載荷質量，因此降低了達到軌道速度所需的成本。 與三級或更多級相比，其優勢在於降低了複雜性並減少了各級脫離的次數，因為每一次的脫離都增加了發射成本與失敗的風險。 Kendaraan peluncuran dua-tahap-ke-orbit atau two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO or DSTO - Double/Dual-Stage-To-Orbit) adalah pesawat ruang angkasa di mana dua tahap yang berbeda memberikan propulsi berurutan untuk mencapai kecepatan orbit. Ini adalah penengah antara peluncur tiga-tahap-ke-orbit dan hipotetis peluncur satu tahap-ke-orbit (SSTO). Pada tahap pertama lepas landas bertanggung jawab untuk mempercepat kendaraan. Pada beberapa titik tahap kedua melepaskan dari tahap pertama dan terus mengorbit di bawah tenaga sendiri. Keuntungan dari sistem seperti di atas adalah bahwa seluruh massa pesawat ruang angkasa tersebut tidak dibawa ke orbit. Hal ini mengurangi kesulitan dalam mencapai kecepatan orbit. Keuntungan lebih dari tiga atau lebih tahapan adalah pengurangan kompleksitas dan peristiwa pemisahan lebih sedikit, masing-masing mengurangi biaya dan risiko kegagalan. Un vehicle de llançament two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO or DSTO - Double/Dual-Stage-To-Orbit, literalment en català òrbita en dues etapes) és una nau espacial en la qual dues etapes diferents proporcionen propulsió consecutiva per assolir la velocitat orbital. És intermedi entre un llançador (lit. cat. òrbita en tres etapes) i un hipotètic vehicle (SSTO, lit. cat. òrbita en una sola etapa). En l'enlairament, la primera etapa és la responsable d'accelerar el vehicle. En algun moment, la segona etapa es desprèn de la primera etapa i continua en òrbita sota el seu propi impuls. Un avantatge d'aquest sistema sobre el sistema d'una única etapa és que tota la massa de la nau espacial no es transporta a l'òrbita. Això redueix el cost d'assolir la velocitat orbital, ja que tant l'estructura com la massa del motor són expulsades i un percentatge més gran de la massa orbitada és massa útil. Un avantatge sobre sistemes de tres o més etapes és la reducció de la complexitat i menys esdeveniments de separació, cadascun dels quals redueix el cost i el risc de fracàs. 二段式宇宙輸送機（にだんしきうちゅうゆそうき）は、2段のみで衛星軌道に到達する多段式宇宙機である。two-stage-to-orbit の訳で、TSTOと略す。 一般的なロケットの多くもTSTOであるが、単段式宇宙輸送機 (single-stage-to-orbit, SSTO) と比較する文脈で用いられる語句のため、再使用可能な二段式ロケットを意味することが多い。本稿でも、完全ないし部分再利用型のTSTOについて述べる。なお、3段になる場合は three-stage-to-orbit と呼ばれる。 A two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) or two-stage rocket launch vehicle is a spacecraft in which two distinct stages provide propulsion consecutively in order to achieve orbital velocity. It is intermediate between a three-stage-to-orbit launcher and a hypothetical single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) launcher. At liftoff the first stage is responsible for accelerating the vehicle. At some point the second stage detaches from the first stage and continues to orbit under its own power. An advantage of such a system over single-stage-to-orbit is that the most of the dry mass of the vehicle is not carried into orbit. This reduces the cost involved in reaching orbital velocity, as much of the structure and engine mass is ejected, and a larger percentage of the orbited mass is payload mass. An advantage over three or more stages is a reduction in complexity and fewer separation events, which reduces cost and risk of failure.
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