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rdfs:label: 观察性研究 Beobachtungsstudie Estudio observacional Penelitian observasional Ciência observacional Обсервационное исследование Observational study دراسة بالملاحظة Obserwacja (metoda badawcza)
rdfs:comment: Обсервационное исследование, наблюдательное исследование — клиническое исследование, в котором исследователь собирает данные путём простого наблюдения событий в их естественном течении, не вмешиваясь в них активно. Противоположностью обсервационному исследованию является эксперимент. Обсервационные исследования проигрывают в надёжности , в котором сравниваются исходы в группе вмешательства и контрольной группе. Основные типы наблюдательных исследований — когортное исследование и исследование «случай-контроль»: In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis. 观察性研究（observational study）为流行病学及统计学中的一种研究方法，又称非实验性研究或对比研究。该研究通过对研究对象在自然状态下根据特定的特征分组后进行观察、记录，并对结果进行描述和对比分析而得出结论。与实验及随机对照试验等研究方法不同，此类研究方法的研究者没有（或未能）人为设置处理因素。 Uma ciência observacional é uma ciência na qual não é possível construir experimentos controlados na área em estudo. Por exemplo, em astronomia, não é possível criar ou manipular-se estrelas ou galáxias de maneira a observar o que ocorre. Outros exemplos de ciências necessariamente observacionais incluem geologia, paleontologia, epidemiologia, e muitas das ciências sociais. A atribuição de tratamentos pode estar além do controle do investigador por várias razões: في مجالات مثل علم الوبائيات، والعلوم الاجتماعية، وعلم النفس، وعلم الإحصاء، تساعد الدراسة الرصدية (الدراسة بالملاحظة أو الدراسة الوصفية) على الوصول إلى استنتاجات عن جمهور ما انطلاقًا من عينة منه، ولا تكون فيها المتغيرات المستقلة تحت سيطرة الباحث بسبب المخاوف الأخلاقية أو القيود اللوجستية. أحد الأمثلة الشائعة عن الدراسات الرصدية تلك التي تكون حول التأثيرات المحتملة لعلاج ما على المشاركين في التجربة، ويكون تقسيم المشاركين فيها إلى مجموعة معالَجة ومجموعة ضبط (مجموعة الشواهد) خارج سيطرة الباحث. إن ذلك معاكس لما يحدث في الدراسات التجريبية مثل التجارب المنضبطة المعشاة التي يُفرَز فيها كل مشارك عشوائيًا إلى مجموعة معالجة ومجموعة ضبط. Los estudios observacionales son estudios de carácter estadístico y demográficos, ya sean de tipo sociológico o biológico -estudios epidemiológicos- en los que no hay intervención por parte del investigador, y este se limita a medir las variables que define en el estudio. Un estudio observacional puede ser descriptivo o analítico. Als Beobachtungsstudie bezeichnet man meistens eine patientenbezogene Datenerhebung im Gesundheitsbereich, z. B. über den regulären Einsatz von Medikamenten in Therapien. Bei Beobachtungsstudien werden keine Experimente und keine zusätzlichen Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Sie werden meist als rein explorative Studien angelegt, zum Generieren von Hypothesen, oder auch – eingeschränkt – zum Abschätzen der Gültigkeit von Hypothesen. Metoda obserwacyjna – sposób prowadzenia badań, w którym obserwacja odgrywa istotną rolę i którego stosowanie nie pociąga za sobą zmian w środowisku lokalnym (w odróżnieniu od metody eksperymentalnej). Jest celowym poszukiwaniem faktów, celową czynnością poznawania za pomocą zmysłów. Stanowiąca jej część obserwacja naukowa to proces uważnego i celowego spostrzegania; rezultatem obserwacji naukowej są spostrzeżenia naukowe. Wartość poznawcza metody obserwacyjnej polega na opisie zjawisk, od którego często zaczynają się badania naukowe.
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dbo:abstract: In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints. One common observational study is about the possible effect of a treatment on subjects, where the assignment of subjects into a treated group versus a control group is outside the control of the investigator. This is in contrast with experiments, such as randomized controlled trials, where each subject is randomly assigned to a treated group or a control group. Observational studies, for lacking an assignment mechanism, naturally present difficulties for inferential analysis. في مجالات مثل علم الوبائيات، والعلوم الاجتماعية، وعلم النفس، وعلم الإحصاء، تساعد الدراسة الرصدية (الدراسة بالملاحظة أو الدراسة الوصفية) على الوصول إلى استنتاجات عن جمهور ما انطلاقًا من عينة منه، ولا تكون فيها المتغيرات المستقلة تحت سيطرة الباحث بسبب المخاوف الأخلاقية أو القيود اللوجستية. أحد الأمثلة الشائعة عن الدراسات الرصدية تلك التي تكون حول التأثيرات المحتملة لعلاج ما على المشاركين في التجربة، ويكون تقسيم المشاركين فيها إلى مجموعة معالَجة ومجموعة ضبط (مجموعة الشواهد) خارج سيطرة الباحث. إن ذلك معاكس لما يحدث في الدراسات التجريبية مثل التجارب المنضبطة المعشاة التي يُفرَز فيها كل مشارك عشوائيًا إلى مجموعة معالجة ومجموعة ضبط. Uma ciência observacional é uma ciência na qual não é possível construir experimentos controlados na área em estudo. Por exemplo, em astronomia, não é possível criar ou manipular-se estrelas ou galáxias de maneira a observar o que ocorre. Outros exemplos de ciências necessariamente observacionais incluem geologia, paleontologia, epidemiologia, e muitas das ciências sociais. Em epidemiologia e estatística um estudo observacional faz inferências sobre o possível efeito de um tratamento em um grupo de indivíduos, onde a alocação dos indivíduos em um grupo em comparação com um grupo pré-selecionado está além do controle do pesquisador. Isto é, contrasta com experiências, tais como ensaios clínicos aleatórios, em que cada sujeito é aleatoriamente designado para um grupo a ser tratado. A atribuição de tratamentos pode estar além do controle do investigador por várias razões: O investigador pode simplesmente não ter a influência necessária. Suponha que um cientista quer estudar os efeitos de uma proibição - na saúde pública, em toda uma comunidade - de fumar em espaços públicos fechados. Em um experimento randômico o investigador teria que escolher aleatoriamente um conjunto de comunidades para estar no grupo de tratamento. No entanto, cabe a cada comunidade e/ou poder legislativo aprovar uma proibição de exercer o ato de fumar em locais fechados. Não se pode esperar que o pesquisador tenha poder político para fazer com que precisamente essas comunidades no grupo de tratamento escolhidos aleatoriamente exijam a proibição de fumar. Em um estudo observacional, o investigador normalmente começa com um grupo de tratamento constituído por aquelas comunidades onde a proibição de fumar já está em vigor. Um experimento randomizado pode ser impraticável. Suponhamos que um quer estudar a ligação suspeita entre um determinado medicamento e um grupo muito raro de sintomas que surgem como efeito colateral. Deixando de lado quaisquer considerações éticas, um experimento randomizado seria impraticável devido à raridade do efeito. Um estudo observacional normalmente se inicia com um grupo de indivíduos sintomáticos e trabalhar para trás para encontrar aqueles que receberam a medicação e, posteriormente, desenvolveu os sintomas. Assim, um subconjunto do grupo tratado foi determinada com base na presença de sintomas, em vez de por a atribuição aleatória. Em todos esses casos, se um experimento randomizado não pode ser levada a risca, a linha de investigação alternativa sofre do problema de que a decisão de quais os indivíduos receberam o tratamento não é totalmente aleatória e, portanto, é uma fonte de potencial de polarização. Um grande desafio na realização de estudos observacionais é fazer inferências que são aceitavelmente livresde influências por vieses evidentes, bem como avaliar a influência de potenciais vieses ocultos. Em vez de controle experimental, a estatística possui das mais variadas técnicas que permitem a aproximação do controle experimental com controle estatístico, que representa as influências de fatores observados que podem influenciar uma relação de causa e efeito. Em cuidados de saúde e as ciências sociais , os investigadores podem utilizar correspondência para comparar unidades que não randômicamente receberam o tratamento e controle. Als Beobachtungsstudie bezeichnet man meistens eine patientenbezogene Datenerhebung im Gesundheitsbereich, z. B. über den regulären Einsatz von Medikamenten in Therapien. Bei Beobachtungsstudien werden keine Experimente und keine zusätzlichen Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Sie werden meist als rein explorative Studien angelegt, zum Generieren von Hypothesen, oder auch – eingeschränkt – zum Abschätzen der Gültigkeit von Hypothesen. Wie in nebenstehender Abbildung zu sehen ist, lassen sich Beobachtungsstudien einteilen in deskriptive Studien und analytische Studien. Zu den analytischen Studien wiederum zählen die Kohorten-Studien, die Fall-Kontroll-Studien und die Querschnittsstudien. Metoda obserwacyjna – sposób prowadzenia badań, w którym obserwacja odgrywa istotną rolę i którego stosowanie nie pociąga za sobą zmian w środowisku lokalnym (w odróżnieniu od metody eksperymentalnej). Jest celowym poszukiwaniem faktów, celową czynnością poznawania za pomocą zmysłów. Stanowiąca jej część obserwacja naukowa to proces uważnego i celowego spostrzegania; rezultatem obserwacji naukowej są spostrzeżenia naukowe. Wartość poznawcza metody obserwacyjnej polega na opisie zjawisk, od którego często zaczynają się badania naukowe. Jest najstarszą metodą roboczą pracy naukowej, a jej elementy występują w wielu innych metodach. Należyte przygotowanie do obserwacji wymaga określenia punktów widzenia i kwestii, na które można odpowiedzieć dzięki obserwacji; tworzą one schemat obserwacyjny lub przewodnik obserwacyjny. Podczas obserwacji znajduje się potwierdzenie lub zaprzeczenie hipotez postawionych w przewodniku. Обсервационное исследование, наблюдательное исследование — клиническое исследование, в котором исследователь собирает данные путём простого наблюдения событий в их естественном течении, не вмешиваясь в них активно. Противоположностью обсервационному исследованию является эксперимент. Обсервационное исследование может быть как «поперечным» (одномоментным), так и «продольным» (длящимся во времени). Одномоментные исследование, при котором происходит однократное измерение показателей и определение связи между ними, являются наиболее ненадёжными с точки зрения доказательной медицины. Сравнение показателей, полученных в разные моменты времени при продольном исследовании, уменьшает вероятность ошибки. Наиболее достоверные данные можно получить при проведении обсервационного исследования в специально сформированной группе. Выбор времени наблюдения осуществляется в зависимости от длительности наблюдаемого процесса и в остальном ничем не ограничено. Обсервационные исследования проигрывают в надёжности , в котором сравниваются исходы в группе вмешательства и контрольной группе. Основные типы наблюдательных исследований — когортное исследование и исследование «случай-контроль»: * В когортном исследовании выделенную группу людей (когорту) наблюдают в течение некоторого времени. Состояние пациентов в разных подгруппах данной когорты, тех, кто подвергался или не подвергался (или подвергался в разной степени) лечению исследуемым препаратом, сравниваются. В проспективном когортном исследовании сначала составляется план исследования и определяется порядок сбора и обработки данных, затем составляются когорты, проводится исследование и анализируются полученные данные. В ретроспективном когортном исследовании когорту подбирают по архивным записям и прослеживают состояние здоровья пациентов с момента начала наблюдения за пациентом по настоящее время. * В исследовании «случай-контроль» сравнивают людей с определённым заболеванием с людьми из этой же популяции, не страдающими данным заболеванием, чтобы выявить связи между клиническим исходом и предшествующим воздействием определённых рискогенных факторов. Зачастую наблюдения могут быть единственным выбором исследователя в тех случаях, когда проведение других видов исследований невозможно по этическим или экономическим причинам. 观察性研究（observational study）为流行病学及统计学中的一种研究方法，又称非实验性研究或对比研究。该研究通过对研究对象在自然状态下根据特定的特征分组后进行观察、记录，并对结果进行描述和对比分析而得出结论。与实验及随机对照试验等研究方法不同，此类研究方法的研究者没有（或未能）人为设置处理因素。 Los estudios observacionales son estudios de carácter estadístico y demográficos, ya sean de tipo sociológico o biológico -estudios epidemiológicos- en los que no hay intervención por parte del investigador, y este se limita a medir las variables que define en el estudio. Un estudio observacional puede ser descriptivo o analítico.
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