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Subject Item: dbr:Non-line-of-sight_propagation
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rdfs:label: Nicht-Sichtverbindung Non-line-of-sight Non-line-of-sight propagation
rdfs:comment: Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation occurs outside of the typical line-of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver, such as in ground reflections. Near-line-of-sight (also NLOS) conditions refer to partial obstruction by a physical object present in the innermost Fresnel zone. NLOS lowers the effective received power. Near Line Of Sight can usually be dealt with using better antennas, but Non Line Of Sight usually requires alternative paths or multipath propagation methods. Der Begriff Nicht-Sichtverbindung, englisch: Non-line-of-sight, kurz NLOS, wird in der Nachrichtentechnik für eine Funkübertragung ohne direkten Sichtkontakt zwischen Sender und Empfänger verwendet. Bei der Nicht-Sichtverbindung befindet sich somit ein Hindernis in der ersten Fresnelzone. Bei einer Kommunikationsstrecke im Freien kann es sich bei dem Hindernis z. B. um ein Haus, Wald oder einen Berg handeln. Bei den meisten Funkverbindungen handelt es sich um NLOS-Verbindungen. Non Line of Sight, abreviado como NLOS, o Sin Línea de Visión, es un término utilizado en comunicaciones mediante radiofrecuencia. Se usa para describir un trayecto parcialmente obstruido entre la ubicación del transmisor de la señal y la ubicación del receptor de la misma. Los obstáculos incluyen árboles, edificios, montañas y otras estructuras u objetos construidos por el hombre u obra de la naturaleza. * Datos: Q1740982
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dbo:abstract: Der Begriff Nicht-Sichtverbindung, englisch: Non-line-of-sight, kurz NLOS, wird in der Nachrichtentechnik für eine Funkübertragung ohne direkten Sichtkontakt zwischen Sender und Empfänger verwendet. Bei der Nicht-Sichtverbindung befindet sich somit ein Hindernis in der ersten Fresnelzone. Bei einer Kommunikationsstrecke im Freien kann es sich bei dem Hindernis z. B. um ein Haus, Wald oder einen Berg handeln. Bei den meisten Funkverbindungen handelt es sich um NLOS-Verbindungen. Ein bekanntes Beispiel für eine Nicht-Sichtverbindung ist die Verbindung zwischen Mobiltelefon und einer Mobilfunk-Basisstation (Base Transceiver Station). Beispiele für kabellose Übertragungsstandards innerhalb geschlossener Räume sind WLAN und DECT (für die Verbindung zwischen Mobilteil und Basisstation bei schnurlosen Telefonen). Ein Hindernis in der ersten Fresnelzone einer Funkverbindung bewirkt eine Dämpfung des Signals, was eine Verkürzung der Reichweite, oder eine Erhöhung von Übertragungsfehlern (BER) mit sich bringt.Um dem entgegenzuwirken gibt es folgende Möglichkeiten: * Sendeleistung erhöhen * Antennen mit einem höheren Antennengewinn verwenden * die Eingangsempfindlichkeit des Empfängers erhöhen * Zwischenschalten eines Repeaters oder einer Relaisstation, um die Signalstärke wieder zu erhöhen.Der Einsatz eines Repeaters, bzw. Relaisstation kann auch zur Unterbindung der NLOS-Verbindung eingesetzt werden, indem diese z. B. auf die Bergspitze gebaut wird. Es besteht dann eine direkte Sichtverbindung (LOS) vom Sender zur Relaisstation und von der Relaisstation zum Empfänger. Eine Variierung der Sendefrequenz würde ebenfalls einen Einfluss auf die Dämpfung des Hindernisses haben, doch dies ist praktisch, aufgrund der definierten und durch die Regulierungsbehörde kontrollierten Frequenzen, nicht möglich.Des Weiteren bewirkt eine Frequenzänderung ebenfalls eine andere Freiraumdämpfung. Unabhängig von dem Hindernis gelten bei der Kommunikation die Gesetze der Wellenausbreitung und Freiraumdämpfung.Des Weiteren ist mit Mehrwegeausbreitungen (Multipath) und Interferenzen zu rechnen.All diese Faktoren müssen bei der Entwicklung eines Kommunikationskonzeptes, oder bei der Installation eine Funkübertragungsstrecke beachtet werden. Non Line of Sight, abreviado como NLOS, o Sin Línea de Visión, es un término utilizado en comunicaciones mediante radiofrecuencia. Se usa para describir un trayecto parcialmente obstruido entre la ubicación del transmisor de la señal y la ubicación del receptor de la misma. Los obstáculos incluyen árboles, edificios, montañas y otras estructuras u objetos construidos por el hombre u obra de la naturaleza. * Datos: Q1740982 Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) radio propagation occurs outside of the typical line-of-sight (LOS) between the transmitter and receiver, such as in ground reflections. Near-line-of-sight (also NLOS) conditions refer to partial obstruction by a physical object present in the innermost Fresnel zone. Obstacles that commonly cause NLOS propagation include buildings, trees, hills, mountains, and, in some cases, high voltage electric power lines. Some of these obstructions reflect certain radio frequencies, while some simply absorb or garble the signals; but, in either case, they limit the use of many types of radio transmissions, especially when low on power budget. Lower power levels at a receiver reduce the chance of successfully receiving a transmission. Low levels can be caused by at least three basic reasons: low transmit level, for example Wi-Fi power levels; far-away transmitter, such as 3G more than 5 miles (8.0 km) away or TV more than 31 miles (50 km) away; and obstruction between the transmitter and the receiver, leaving no clear path. NLOS lowers the effective received power. Near Line Of Sight can usually be dealt with using better antennas, but Non Line Of Sight usually requires alternative paths or multipath propagation methods. How to achieve effective NLOS networking has become one of the major questions of modern computer networking. Currently, the most common method for dealing with NLOS conditions on wireless computer networks is simply to circumvent the NLOS condition and place relays at additional locations, sending the content of the radio transmission around the obstructions. Some more advanced NLOS transmission schemes now use multipath signal propagation, bouncing the radio signal off other nearby objects to get to the receiver. Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) is a term often used in radio communications to describe a radio channel or link where there is no visual line of sight (LOS) between the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna. In this context LOS is taken * Either as a straight line free of any form of visual obstruction, even if it is actually too distant to see with the unaided human eye * As a virtual LOS i.e., as a straight line through visually obstructing material, thus leaving sufficient transmission for radio waves to be detected There are many electrical characteristics of the transmission media that affect the radio wave propagation and therefore the quality of operation of a radio channel, if it is possible at all, over an NLOS path. The acronym NLOS has become more popular in the context of wireless local area networks (WLANs) and wireless metropolitan area networks such as WiMAX because the capability of such links to provide a reasonable level of NLOS coverage greatly improves their marketability and versatility in the typical urban environments where they are most frequently used. However NLOS contains many other subsets of radio communications. The influence of a visual obstruction on a NLOS link may be anything from negligible to complete suppression. An example might apply to a LOS path between a television broadcast antenna and a roof mounted receiving antenna. If a cloud passed between the antennas the link could actually become NLOS but the quality of the radio channel could be virtually unaffected. If, instead, a large building was constructed in the path making it NLOS, the channel may be impossible to receive. Beyond line-of-sight (BLOS) is a related term often used in the military to describe radio communications capabilities that link personnel or systems too distant or too fully obscured by terrain for LOS communications. These radios utilize active repeaters, groundwave propagation, tropospheric scatter links, and ionospheric propagation to extend communication ranges from a few miles to a few thousand miles.
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