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William Osgood Aydelotte (September 1, 1910 – January 17, 1996) was an American historian focused on the British Parliament, a pioneer in applying the statistics to historical research. Aydelotte was one of the first historians elected to the National Academy of Sciences. The New York Times called him "an authority on British history". The National Academies Press called him "A leading figure in the development of social science history in the United States". Aydelotte served as the chairman of the University of Iowa history department.