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Several theories of taxation exist in public economics. Governments at all levels (national, regional and local) need to raise revenue from a variety of sources to finance public-sector expenditures. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776) wrote: In modern public-finance literature, there have been two main issues: who can pay and who can benefit (Benefit principle). Influential theories have been the ability theory presented by Arthur Cecil Pigou and the benefit theory developed by Erik Lindahl. There is a later version of the benefit theory known as the "voluntary exchange" theory.

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  • Several theories of taxation exist in public economics. Governments at all levels (national, regional and local) need to raise revenue from a variety of sources to finance public-sector expenditures. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776) wrote: "Such things as defending the country and maintaining the institutions of good government are of general benefit to the public. Thus, it is reasonable that the population as a whole should contribute to the tax costs. It is also reasonable to demand certain other things of a tax system – for example, that the amounts of tax individuals pay should bear some relationship to their abilities to pay… Good taxes meet four major criteria. They are (1) proportionate to incomes or abilities to pay (2) certain rather than arbitrary (3) payable at times and in ways convenient to the taxpayers and (4) cheap to administer and collect." [1] In modern public-finance literature, there have been two main issues: who can pay and who can benefit (Benefit principle). Influential theories have been the ability theory presented by Arthur Cecil Pigou and the benefit theory developed by Erik Lindahl. There is a later version of the benefit theory known as the "voluntary exchange" theory. Under the benefit theory, tax levels are automatically determined, because taxpayers pay proportionately for the government benefits they receive. In other words, the individuals who benefit the most from public services pay the most taxes. Here, two models adopting the benefit approach are discussed: the Lindal model and the Bowen model. (en)
  • 公共経済学において幾つかの課税の理論(かぜいのりろん)すなわち租税理論(そぜいりろん)がある。あらゆる層の行政機関(国、地域、地方)は、へ資金を供給するために様々な財源からの歳入を増やさなければならない。 国富論(The Wealth of Nations)(1776年)においてアダム・スミスは以下のように書いた 「国の防衛や良好な政府の公共施設の維持といったことは公共の普遍的な利益となるものである。そして、住民全体で税を負担することが合理的である。また租税システムに関していくらか他のことを要求することも同じく合理的である。例えば、個々人の納税総額はそれぞれそれらの負担能力と相関関係をもたせるべきであることなど。良い税制とは四つの主要な基準に沿うものである。それら以下の4つである。 1. * 収入もしくは支払い能力との釣り合い 2. * 恣意的でなく一定であること 3. * 方法や時に関して納税者が支払いやすいこと 4. * 管理と徴収の費用が安価であること。」 現代の公共財政の文献では、誰が支払うべきなのか、そして誰の利益になりうるのか()という二つの大きな論点が挙げられてきた。有力な学説はアーサー・セシル・ピグーが提示した応能説(英:ability theory)とが提示した応益説(英:benefit theory)であった。理論(英: voluntary exchange theory)として知られる応益説の最新のものがある。 応益説のもとでは、納税者は自身が受ける行政機関からの利益に応じて税を納めるため、租税水準は自動的に定まる。言い換えれば、公共サービスから多く利益を受ける個人は多く税を支払う。 ここでは、応益説のアプローチをとる二つのモデル、リンダール・モデルとボーエン・モデルについて議論する。 (ja)
  • Há várias teorias de tributação existentes na economia pública. Os governos em todos os níveis (nacional, regional e local), necessitam destas para aumentar a receita de uma variedade de fontes para o financiamento das despesas do setor público. Adam Smith, em A Riqueza das Nações (1776) escreveu: "Tais coisas como defender o país e a manutenção de instituições de bom governo são de interesse geral do público. Assim, é razoável que a população como um todo deve contribuir para o imposto de custos. É também razoável exigir certas outras coisas, de um sistema de impostos como, por exemplo, os montantes de imposto que os indivíduos vão pagar devem ter alguma relação com suas habilidades para pagar... Bom impostos atendem a quatro critérios principais. Eles são: (1) São proporcionais aos rendimentos ou habilidades para pagar, (2) São determinados, ao invés de variar arbitrariamente, (3), Sejam pagos parceladamente e de maneiras convenientes para os contribuintes e (4) baixos, facilitando administrar e recolher." Na moderna literatura sobre finanças públicas, há duas principais questões: quem pode pagar e qual será o benefício (Princípio do benefício). Influentes teorias têm sido apresentadas, tais como a de Arthur Cecil Pigou e a teoria do benefício desenvolvida por Erik Lindahl. Há uma versão posterior do benefício, a teoria conhecida como a teoria da "troca voluntária". Na teoria do benefício, os níveis de tributação são determinadas automaticamente, porque os contribuintes pagam, proporcionalmente, para o governo e para os benefícios que recebem. Em outras palavras, os indivíduos que se beneficiariam de serviços públicos pagariam mais impostos. Aqui, dois modelos de adoção de benefício abordagem são discutidos: O Modelo de Lindahl e o Modelo de Bowen. (pt)
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  • Several theories of taxation exist in public economics. Governments at all levels (national, regional and local) need to raise revenue from a variety of sources to finance public-sector expenditures. Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776) wrote: In modern public-finance literature, there have been two main issues: who can pay and who can benefit (Benefit principle). Influential theories have been the ability theory presented by Arthur Cecil Pigou and the benefit theory developed by Erik Lindahl. There is a later version of the benefit theory known as the "voluntary exchange" theory. (en)
  • 公共経済学において幾つかの課税の理論(かぜいのりろん)すなわち租税理論(そぜいりろん)がある。あらゆる層の行政機関(国、地域、地方)は、へ資金を供給するために様々な財源からの歳入を増やさなければならない。 国富論(The Wealth of Nations)(1776年)においてアダム・スミスは以下のように書いた 「国の防衛や良好な政府の公共施設の維持といったことは公共の普遍的な利益となるものである。そして、住民全体で税を負担することが合理的である。また租税システムに関していくらか他のことを要求することも同じく合理的である。例えば、個々人の納税総額はそれぞれそれらの負担能力と相関関係をもたせるべきであることなど。良い税制とは四つの主要な基準に沿うものである。それら以下の4つである。 1. * 収入もしくは支払い能力との釣り合い 2. * 恣意的でなく一定であること 3. * 方法や時に関して納税者が支払いやすいこと 4. * 管理と徴収の費用が安価であること。」 応益説のもとでは、納税者は自身が受ける行政機関からの利益に応じて税を納めるため、租税水準は自動的に定まる。言い換えれば、公共サービスから多く利益を受ける個人は多く税を支払う。 ここでは、応益説のアプローチをとる二つのモデル、リンダール・モデルとボーエン・モデルについて議論する。 (ja)
  • Há várias teorias de tributação existentes na economia pública. Os governos em todos os níveis (nacional, regional e local), necessitam destas para aumentar a receita de uma variedade de fontes para o financiamento das despesas do setor público. Adam Smith, em A Riqueza das Nações (1776) escreveu: (pt)
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  • 租税理論 (ja)
  • Teorias tributárias (pt)
  • Theories of taxation (en)
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