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The distinction between primary and secondary constraints is not a very fundamental one. It depends very much on the original Lagrangian which we start off with. Once we have gone over to the Hamiltonian formalism, we can really forget about the distinction between primary and secondary constraints. The terminology of primary and secondary constraints is confusingly similar to that of first and second class constraints. These divisions are independent: both first and second class constraints can be either primary or secondary, so this gives altogether four different classes of constraints.

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  • The distinction between primary and secondary constraints is not a very fundamental one. It depends very much on the original Lagrangian which we start off with. Once we have gone over to the Hamiltonian formalism, we can really forget about the distinction between primary and secondary constraints. In Hamiltonian mechanics, a primary constraint is a relation between the coordinates and momenta that holds without using the equations of motion. A secondary constraint is one that is not primary—in other words it holds when the equations of motion are satisfied, but need not hold if they are not satisfied The secondary constraints arise from the condition that the primary constraints should be preserved in time. A few authors use more refined terminology, where the non-primary constraints are divided into secondary, tertiary, quaternary, etc. constraints. The secondary constraints arise directly from the condition that the primary constraints are preserved by time, the tertiary constraints arise from the condition that the secondary ones are also preserved by time, and so on. Primary and secondary constraints were introduced by Anderson and Bergmann and developed by Dirac. The terminology of primary and secondary constraints is confusingly similar to that of first and second class constraints. These divisions are independent: both first and second class constraints can be either primary or secondary, so this gives altogether four different classes of constraints. (en)
  • En mécanique Hamiltonienne, une contrainte primaire est une relation entre les coordonnées et les impulsions qui tient sans qu'on ait besoin d'appliquer les équations du mouvement. Une contrainte secondaire est une contrainte qui n'est pas primaire, dans le sens où elle tient lorsque les équations de mouvement sont satisfaites, mais n'a pas besoin de tenir si elles ne sont pas satisfaites. Les contraintes secondaires apparaissent lorsqu'on impose que les contraintes primaires doivent être conservées dans le temps. (Quelques auteurs emploient une terminologie plus raffinée, où le contraintes non-primaires sont divisées en contraintes secondaires, tertiaires, quaternaires... : les contraintes secondaires proviennent directement de la condition que les contraintes primaires soient conservés dans le temps, les contraintes tertiaires proviennent de la condition que les contraintes secondaires soient également conservées dans le temps, et ainsi de suite.) Les contraintes primaires et secondaires ont été introduites par Anderson et Bergmann puis développés par Dirac. Il faut noter qu'il y a une potentielle confusion entre la terminologie des contraintes primaires et secondaires et celle des contraintes de première et seconde classe. Ces terminologies sont indépendantes : les contraintes de première et seconde classe peuvent être de type primaire ou secondaire, de sorte que cela donne au total quatre différentes classes de contraintes. (fr)
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  • En mécanique Hamiltonienne, une contrainte primaire est une relation entre les coordonnées et les impulsions qui tient sans qu'on ait besoin d'appliquer les équations du mouvement. Une contrainte secondaire est une contrainte qui n'est pas primaire, dans le sens où elle tient lorsque les équations de mouvement sont satisfaites, mais n'a pas besoin de tenir si elles ne sont pas satisfaites. Les contraintes secondaires apparaissent lorsqu'on impose que les contraintes primaires doivent être conservées dans le temps. (Quelques auteurs emploient une terminologie plus raffinée, où le contraintes non-primaires sont divisées en contraintes secondaires, tertiaires, quaternaires... : les contraintes secondaires proviennent directement de la condition que les contraintes primaires soient conservés d (fr)
  • The distinction between primary and secondary constraints is not a very fundamental one. It depends very much on the original Lagrangian which we start off with. Once we have gone over to the Hamiltonian formalism, we can really forget about the distinction between primary and secondary constraints. The terminology of primary and secondary constraints is confusingly similar to that of first and second class constraints. These divisions are independent: both first and second class constraints can be either primary or secondary, so this gives altogether four different classes of constraints. (en)
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  • Contraintes primaires et secondaires (fr)
  • Primary constraint (en)
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