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- The characteristic rotational temperature (θR or θrot) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties. It has units of temperature and is defined as where is the rotational constant, I is a molecular moment of inertia, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, ħ = h/2π is the reduced Planck constant and kB is the Boltzmann constant. The physical meaning of θR is as an estimate of the temperature at which thermal energy (of the order of kBT) is comparable to the spacing between rotational energy levels (of the order of hcB). At about this temperature the population of excited rotational levels becomes important. Some typical values are given in the table. In each case the value refers to the most common isotopic species. (en)
- La température rotationnelle ( ou ) est régulièrement utilisée en statistique thermodynamique pour réduire la complexité de la fonction de partition rotationnelle et pour calculer la contribution rotationnelle aux propriétés thermodynamiques des molécules. (fr)
- 旋转温度（英語：Rotational temperature）是统计力学术语，用以简化转动配分函数以及描述旋转对分子的热力学性能的贡献。它具有温度的量纲并被定义为 , 上式中是旋转常数，是分子的转动惯量，是普朗克常数，是光速, 是约化普朗克常数， 是玻尔兹曼常数。 转动温度的物理意义是用于估计在什么温度下，其热能（）和分子转动能级间隔相当（E=hcB）。在该温度下受激分子数占据主要地位。一些典型的值在下面的表格中给出。分子中的元素均是最常见的同位素。 (zh)
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- La température rotationnelle ( ou ) est régulièrement utilisée en statistique thermodynamique pour réduire la complexité de la fonction de partition rotationnelle et pour calculer la contribution rotationnelle aux propriétés thermodynamiques des molécules. (fr)
- 旋转温度（英語：Rotational temperature）是统计力学术语，用以简化转动配分函数以及描述旋转对分子的热力学性能的贡献。它具有温度的量纲并被定义为 , 上式中是旋转常数，是分子的转动惯量，是普朗克常数，是光速, 是约化普朗克常数， 是玻尔兹曼常数。 转动温度的物理意义是用于估计在什么温度下，其热能（）和分子转动能级间隔相当（E=hcB）。在该温度下受激分子数占据主要地位。一些典型的值在下面的表格中给出。分子中的元素均是最常见的同位素。 (zh)
- The characteristic rotational temperature (θR or θrot) is commonly used in statistical thermodynamics to simplify the expression of the rotational partition function and the rotational contribution to molecular thermodynamic properties. It has units of temperature and is defined as where is the rotational constant, I is a molecular moment of inertia, h is the Planck constant, c is the speed of light, ħ = h/2π is the reduced Planck constant and kB is the Boltzmann constant. (en)
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- Température rotationnelle (fr)
- Rotational temperature (en)
- 旋转温度 (zh)
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