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- El usul en música clásica otomana es un ciclo rítmico subyacente que complementa el ritmo melódico y algunas veces contribuye a dar forma a la estructura general de una pieza musical. (es)
- In Ottoman classical music, usul is an underlying rhythmic cycle that complements the melodic rhythm and sometimes helps shape the overall structure of a composition. An usul can be as short as two beats or as long as 128 beats. Usul is often translated as "meter", but usul and meter are not exactly the same. Both are repeating rhythmic patterns with more or less complex inner structures of beats of differing duration and weight. But a student learning Turkish music in the traditional meşk system first memorizes the usul kinetically by striking the knees with the hands. The student then sings the vocal or instrumental composition while performing the underlying usul. This pedagogical system helps the student memorize the composition while internalizing the underlying rhythmic structure. Usul patterns have standard pronounceable vocables built from combinations of the syllables düm, dü-üm, tek, tekkyaa, teke, te-ek, where düm, dü-üm indicate a strong low beat of single or double duration, and tek, tekkya, teke, te-ek indicate various combinations of light beats of half, single or double duration. Long usuls (e.g., 28/4, 32/4, 120/4) are compound metric structures that underlie longer sections of entire compositions. In Ottoman times, the usul was realized by drummers. Drums are generally omitted in modern performances except for Mevlevi. When performing music for the Mevlevi ceremony, drummers traditionally play embellished (velveleli) versions of the usuls. Instrumental improvisations (taksim) and vocal improvisations (gazel, , etc.) are generally performed in "free" rhythm, with no usul. The melodic counterpart to usul rhythmic mode is makam melodic mode. The parallel system to usul in Indian music is tala. (en)
- L'usul è un ciclo ritmico di sottofondo usato nella musica classica ottomana il quale completa il ritmo melodico e talvolta aiuta a modellare la struttura generale di una composizione. (it)
- Усуль (араб. أصول, «основы») — ритмическая формула в персидской, арабской и тюркской музыке устной традиции, которая повторяется в течение всего произведения. Усули используются в многочисленных восточных странах, на территории бывшего СССР популярны в Таджикистане и Узбекистане. Усули исполняются в основном на ударных инструментах (обычно мембранных — дойра, нагора), реже — на щипковых. Происхождение усулей весьма древнее, их описание встречается уже в трактатах аль-Фараби (IX—X века н. э.), Ибн Сины (X—XI века), аш-Ширази (XIII век), Дарвиша Али (XVII век), Сафи-ад-дина Урмави (XIII век). Последний разработал систему записи усулей с использованием табулатур. (ru)
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| rdfs:comment
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- El usul en música clásica otomana es un ciclo rítmico subyacente que complementa el ritmo melódico y algunas veces contribuye a dar forma a la estructura general de una pieza musical. (es)
- L'usul è un ciclo ritmico di sottofondo usato nella musica classica ottomana il quale completa il ritmo melodico e talvolta aiuta a modellare la struttura generale di una composizione. (it)
- In Ottoman classical music, usul is an underlying rhythmic cycle that complements the melodic rhythm and sometimes helps shape the overall structure of a composition. An usul can be as short as two beats or as long as 128 beats. Usul is often translated as "meter", but usul and meter are not exactly the same. Both are repeating rhythmic patterns with more or less complex inner structures of beats of differing duration and weight. But a student learning Turkish music in the traditional meşk system first memorizes the usul kinetically by striking the knees with the hands. The student then sings the vocal or instrumental composition while performing the underlying usul. This pedagogical system helps the student memorize the composition while internalizing the underlying rhythmic structure. (en)
- Усуль (араб. أصول, «основы») — ритмическая формула в персидской, арабской и тюркской музыке устной традиции, которая повторяется в течение всего произведения. Усули используются в многочисленных восточных странах, на территории бывшего СССР популярны в Таджикистане и Узбекистане. Усули исполняются в основном на ударных инструментах (обычно мембранных — дойра, нагора), реже — на щипковых. (ru)
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