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- Rhynchosciara americana is a species of fly. It has a life cycle of approximately 70 days, and the sibling larvae show a synchronized development. The larvae can reach one inch in length, and the adult fly is about 0.8 inch (20 mm). The larvae groups are usually originated from the same female posture and spin a communal cocoon where the metamorphosis will occur. The fly is scientifically notable for the physiology of its polytene chromosomes and developmentally regulated amplified puffs, first observed by Crodowaldo Pavan. Its ecology is poorly understood, but it is assumed to be a fungus gnat. Until recently, scientists had no success in the laboratory breeding of this fly. Entomologist Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann first described and classified this species in his work Diptera Exotica (1821). He had analyzed Brazilian specimens probably sent to him by colleagues or enthusiasts. European entomologists had difficulty visiting Brazil to collect samples for political reasons at the time. In 1950, during an expedition to collect wild Drosophilidae in the shore, in São Paulo state on the southeast Brazilian coast Crodowaldo Pavan rediscovered the species and named it Rhynchosciara angelae. In 1951 the first publication on this “new” dipteran describes its morphological aspects and some habits. The synonymy was demonstrated in 1969 by Martha Breuer, and R. angelae was corrected to R. americana. Since the early observations the giant polytene chromosomes and its puffs were noticed in several larval tissues. Similar chromosomal structures were described in Chironomus by Balbiani, and became known as "Balbiani Rings", but the incorporation of radioactive thymidine experiments in the chromosomes of Rhynchosciara americana led to the discovery of two types of puff: a transcription-related puff, where the chromatin expands and the transcription events takes place; and an amplification-related one, where the chromatin expands and RNA transcription and DNA replication occur. In fact it was the first biological model where disproportionate DNA replication was detected. Nowadays the amplification phenomena is well-documented in several organisms, as Drosophila melanogaster, but is not totally understood. In Drosophila control elements as enhancers and replication origins were described and related to amplification phenomena, however in the Sciaridaes the puzzle is still far from solved. (en)
- Rhynchosciara americana är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann 1821. Rhynchosciara americana ingår i släktet Rhynchosciara och familjen sorgmyggor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. (sv)
- A Rhynchosciara americana é uma espécie de mosca. Trata-se de um inseto díptero encontrado em regiões litorâneas brasileiras. Durante grande parte de sua vida apresenta-se em forma de larva. Um mesmo cruzamento de Rhynchosciara resulta em cerca de 250 a 400 larvas de um único sexo que se desenvolvem sincronicamente, até formarem um casulo comunitário dentro do qual sofrem metamorfose e chegam então à fase adulta, virando moscas. A Rhynchosciara se alimenta de fungos e contribui para a decomposição de matéria orgânica no solo. É um inseto que não está relacionado a nenhuma transmissão de doenças e, erroneamente, é relacionado à transmissão de frieira. Assim, no litoral de São Paulo, por exemplo, a espécie chamada popularmente de “bicho da frieira” foi quase extinta, pois a população nativa queima os grupos de larva equivocadamente. Existem estudos científicos realizados com esse inseto desde a década de 50, quando foi demonstrado pelo renomado cientista Crodowaldo Pavan que as glândulas salivares das larvas possuem cromossomos politênicos que em algumas regiões mostram síntese extra de DNA (amplificação gênica) denominadas pelo autor de pufes de DNA. A partir de então esta espécie foi e continua sendo grandemente estudada como modelo biológico em biologia celular e molecular. (pt)
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- Rhynchosciara americana är en tvåvingeart som först beskrevs av Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann 1821. Rhynchosciara americana ingår i släktet Rhynchosciara och familjen sorgmyggor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. (sv)
- Rhynchosciara americana is a species of fly. It has a life cycle of approximately 70 days, and the sibling larvae show a synchronized development. The larvae can reach one inch in length, and the adult fly is about 0.8 inch (20 mm). The larvae groups are usually originated from the same female posture and spin a communal cocoon where the metamorphosis will occur. The fly is scientifically notable for the physiology of its polytene chromosomes and developmentally regulated amplified puffs, first observed by Crodowaldo Pavan. (en)
- A Rhynchosciara americana é uma espécie de mosca. Trata-se de um inseto díptero encontrado em regiões litorâneas brasileiras. Durante grande parte de sua vida apresenta-se em forma de larva. Um mesmo cruzamento de Rhynchosciara resulta em cerca de 250 a 400 larvas de um único sexo que se desenvolvem sincronicamente, até formarem um casulo comunitário dentro do qual sofrem metamorfose e chegam então à fase adulta, virando moscas. A Rhynchosciara se alimenta de fungos e contribui para a decomposição de matéria orgânica no solo. (pt)
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- Rhynchosciara americana (en)
- Rhynchosciara americana (pt)
- Rhynchosciara americana (sv)
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