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- Das Porunaratruppadai (பொருநராற்றுப்படை Porunarāṟṟuppaṭai [ˈpoɾɯn̪əɾaːtːrɯpːaɖɛi̯] „Wegweisung für den Kriegsbarden“) ist ein Werk der alttamilischen Sangam-Literatur. Es handelt sich um ein längeres Einzelgedicht aus dem Genre der Heldendichtung (puram). Innerhalb der Sangam-Literatur gehört es zur Gruppe der „zehn Gesänge“ (Pattuppattu). Das Porunaratruppadai hat eine Länge von 248 Zeilen und ist in den Versmaßen Agaval und Vanchi verfasst. Es wird dem Autor zugeschrieben. Von den zwei Genres der Sangam-Literatur, Liebes- und Heldendichtung, gehört das Porunaratruppadai zum Genre der Heldendichtung (puram). Dabei vertritt es das Sub-Genre des „Wegweisungs-Gedichts“ (atruppadai), in dem ein Barde einem anderen Barden den Weg zu einem Gönner weist und diesen dabei preist. Der im Porunaratruppadai besungene Patron ist der Chola-König Karikala. Der Dichter beschreibt in dem Werk ausführlich die Großzügigkeit, die der König Barden und Musikanten gegenüberbringt, den Reichtum und die Fruchtbarkeit seines Landes und seine militärischen Erfolge. Die Datierung der Sangam-Literatur ist höchst unsicher. Anhand sprachlicher und stilistischer Kriterien wird für das Porunaratruppadai aber ein Entstehungszeitraum im 4. Jahrhundert vorgeschlagen. (de)
- Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai (Tamil: பொருநராற்றுப்படை, lit. "guide for war bards") is an ancient Tamil poem and the second lay of the Pattuppattu anthology in the Sangam literature. It contains 248 lines, mostly in the akaval meter. It is one of five arruppatai genre poems, possibly the oldest one, aimed as a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set in the early Chola kingdom, describes about Uraiyur, the capital of Cholas and the Powerful King of early cholas Karikala Cholan, his early life and how he brought up the King of Chola Kingdom. It was composed by Mutattamakkanniyar sometime around 180–190 CE, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar. The Porunararruppatai poem, also called Porunarattrupadai, is set in the context of a meeting of the poet with a "war bard" (porunar) and his wife, wherein the poet guides his hosts on how to go about meeting the Chola king, the background information about the king and his kingdom. The poem is notable for its two strings of similes. In the first string, the poet compares each part of the lute to different parts of the female body. For example, the surface of the lute is described as "fair belly of the pregnant woman" and the overall appearance of the musical instrument is described as "bedecked bride". In the second string of similes, a danseuse body is compared to images of nature. The poet compares, for example, her small feet to "tongue of a panting hound", her mound-of-venus to "seat of bees", her navel to "water ripple", her earlobes to "well-shaped loops of scissors". The poem also includes hyperbolic and humorous statements. The poem is a source of historical information about the ancient Chola kingdom and king Karikala. It describes the River Kaveri along with the towns settled along its banks. The poem dedicates many lines each to four regions of the Chola kingdom, along with flora, fauna and different fruits. The Porunararruppatai is another source of the ancient Tamil culture, lifestyle, and people. For example, it mentions the town of Cholanadu and states that the inhabitants there eat meat and drink liquor, states Zvelebil. According to Chelliah, this poem suggests that the 2nd-century Tamil society ate meat, and the shift to vegetarian lifestyle happened in later centuries. The god of war Murugan, a goddess possibly Kali Kankalan, along with the ceremonial ancestral offering of red rice to crows (shraddha) are mentioned in the poem. A few lines of Porunarattrupadai allude to the rebirth and karma (ool) theories, suggestive of Brahmanical ideas. (en)
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- Das Porunaratruppadai (பொருநராற்றுப்படை Porunarāṟṟuppaṭai [ˈpoɾɯn̪əɾaːtːrɯpːaɖɛi̯] „Wegweisung für den Kriegsbarden“) ist ein Werk der alttamilischen Sangam-Literatur. Es handelt sich um ein längeres Einzelgedicht aus dem Genre der Heldendichtung (puram). Innerhalb der Sangam-Literatur gehört es zur Gruppe der „zehn Gesänge“ (Pattuppattu). Die Datierung der Sangam-Literatur ist höchst unsicher. Anhand sprachlicher und stilistischer Kriterien wird für das Porunaratruppadai aber ein Entstehungszeitraum im 4. Jahrhundert vorgeschlagen. (de)
- Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai (Tamil: பொருநராற்றுப்படை, lit. "guide for war bards") is an ancient Tamil poem and the second lay of the Pattuppattu anthology in the Sangam literature. It contains 248 lines, mostly in the akaval meter. It is one of five arruppatai genre poems, possibly the oldest one, aimed as a guide to other bards seeking a patron for their art. Set in the early Chola kingdom, describes about Uraiyur, the capital of Cholas and the Powerful King of early cholas Karikala Cholan, his early life and how he brought up the King of Chola Kingdom. It was composed by Mutattamakkanniyar sometime around 180–190 CE, states Kamil Zvelebil – a Tamil literature scholar. (en)
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