| dbo:abstract
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- Persian verbs (Persian: فعلهای فارسی, romanized: Fe’lhā-ye fārsi, pronounced [feʔlˈhɒːje fɒːɾˈsiː]) are very regular compared with those of most European languages. From the two stems given in dictionaries (e.g. gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' etc.) it is possible to derive all the other forms of almost any verb. The main irregularity is that given one stem it is not usually possible to predict the other. Another irregularity is that the verb 'to be' has no stem in the present tense. Persian verbs are inflected for three singular and three plural persons. The 2nd and 3rd person plural are often used when referring to singular persons for politeness. There are fewer tenses in Persian than in English. There are about ten tenses in all. The greatest variety is shown in tenses referring to past events. A series of past tenses (past simple, imperfect, and pluperfect) is matched by a corresponding series of perfect tenses (perfect simple, perfect continuous, and perfect pluperfect — the last of these made by adding a perfect ending to the pluperfect tense). These perfect tenses are used sometimes much as the English perfect tense (e.g. 'I have done' etc.), but often in an inferential or reportative sense ('apparently I had done' etc.), similar to the perfect tense in Turkish. The present tense has a range of meanings (habitual, progressive, punctual, historic). In colloquial Persian this tense is also used with future meaning, although there also exists a separate future tense used in formal styles. In colloquial Persian there are also three progressive tenses (present, past, and perfect). There are two subjunctive mood forms, present and perfect. Subjunctive verbs are often used where English uses an infinitive, e.g. 'I want to go' is expressed in Persian as 'I want I may go'. A perfect participle is made by adding -e to the second stem. This participle is active in intransitive verbs, e.g. rafte 'gone', but passive in transitive verbs, e.g. nevešte 'written (by someone)'. As well as being used to make the perfect tenses, this perfect participle can be used to make the passive of transitive verbs, by adding different parts of the verb šodan 'to become'. Compound verbs, such as bāz kardan 'to open' (lit. 'to make open') and yād gereftan 'to learn', are very frequently used in modern Persian. In colloquial Persian, commonly used verbs tend to be pronounced in an abbreviated form, for example ast 'he is' is pronounced e, miravad 'he goes' is pronounced mire, and miguyam 'I say' is pronounced migam. (Compare, eg, "gotcha" in English which is an abbreviated form of "have you got your...") In Persian the verb usually comes at the end of the clause, although there are sometimes exceptions (for example in colloquial Persian it is common to hear phrases such as raftam Tehrān 'I went to Tehran' where the destination follows the verb). (en)
- 波斯語動詞（波斯語：فعلهای فارسی，羅馬化：Fe’lhā-ye fārsi, 發音：[feʔlˈhɒːje fɒːɾˈsiː]）與大多數歐洲語言相比非常規則。從字典中取出的三個詞幹說明（比如 gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' 等），由此幾乎可以推導出任何動詞。主要的不規則是給定一個詞幹，通常不可能預測出另一個詞幹。另一個不規則動詞是“to be”在現在時沒有詞幹。 波斯語動詞是屈折形式、用在三個單數及三個複數人稱。第二與第三人稱複數通常用在單數人稱上於表示禮貌。 波斯語的時態比英語少。總共有大約10種時態。最大的多樣性以涉及過去事件的時態表示。一系列過去時（簡單過去式、未完成時以及過去完成時）與相應的完成時系列（現在完成式、完成進行式以及過去完成時——最後一個是通過在完整時態上添加一個完美後綴而構成）。這些完成時有時用作英語完成時（比如“我已經完成”等），但通常用於推理、或報告意義上（“顯然我已經完成”等），類似於土耳其語中的完成式。 現在時有多種含義（習慣性、進行時、準時性、歷史性）。在口語波斯語中，這種時態也用於將來式，儘管在正式語言風格中也存在單獨將來時。在波斯語口語中，也有三種進行時（現在式、過去式以及完成式）。 有兩種虛擬語氣形式，現在虛擬式和完成虛擬式。虛擬式動詞常在英語裡使用不定式的語式，比如“我想去”在波斯語中表示為“我想我可以去”。 通過在第二個詞幹上添加 -e 構成一個完成式分詞。這個分詞在不及物動詞中運用，比如 räfte 'gone'，但在及物動詞中是被動語態，比如 nevešte '（由某人）寫的'。除了用於製作完成時態外，通過添加動詞 šodan 'to become' 的不同部分，該完成式分詞還可用於製作及物動詞的被動語態。 複合動詞，比如 bāz kärdän 'to open'（字面意思是'to make open'）和 yād gereftän 'to learn'，在現代波斯語中經常用。 在波斯語口語中，常用的動詞傾向於以縮寫形式發音，例如 äst 'he is' 發音為 e，mirævæd 'he go' 發音為 mire，而 miguyäm 'I say' 發音為 migäm。 （比較語言一下，例如在英語中的“gotcha”是“have you got your...”的縮寫形式） 在波斯語中，動詞通常出現在從句的末尾；但有時也有例外（比如，在波斯語口語中，經常聽到諸如 räftæm Tehrān '我去了德黑蘭'之類的短語，其中目地語跟在動詞之後）。 (zh)
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| rdfs:comment
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- Persian verbs (Persian: فعلهای فارسی, romanized: Fe’lhā-ye fārsi, pronounced [feʔlˈhɒːje fɒːɾˈsiː]) are very regular compared with those of most European languages. From the two stems given in dictionaries (e.g. gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' etc.) it is possible to derive all the other forms of almost any verb. The main irregularity is that given one stem it is not usually possible to predict the other. Another irregularity is that the verb 'to be' has no stem in the present tense. (en)
- 波斯語動詞（波斯語：فعلهای فارسی，羅馬化：Fe’lhā-ye fārsi, 發音：[feʔlˈhɒːje fɒːɾˈsiː]）與大多數歐洲語言相比非常規則。從字典中取出的三個詞幹說明（比如 gir, gereft 'take, took', nevis, nevešt 'write, wrote', deh, dād 'give, gave' 等），由此幾乎可以推導出任何動詞。主要的不規則是給定一個詞幹，通常不可能預測出另一個詞幹。另一個不規則動詞是“to be”在現在時沒有詞幹。 波斯語動詞是屈折形式、用在三個單數及三個複數人稱。第二與第三人稱複數通常用在單數人稱上於表示禮貌。 波斯語的時態比英語少。總共有大約10種時態。最大的多樣性以涉及過去事件的時態表示。一系列過去時（簡單過去式、未完成時以及過去完成時）與相應的完成時系列（現在完成式、完成進行式以及過去完成時——最後一個是通過在完整時態上添加一個完美後綴而構成）。這些完成時有時用作英語完成時（比如“我已經完成”等），但通常用於推理、或報告意義上（“顯然我已經完成”等），類似於土耳其語中的完成式。 現在時有多種含義（習慣性、進行時、準時性、歷史性）。在口語波斯語中，這種時態也用於將來式，儘管在正式語言風格中也存在單獨將來時。在波斯語口語中，也有三種進行時（現在式、過去式以及完成式）。 (zh)
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