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- This is a list of musical compositions that employ extended techniques to obtain unusual sounds or instrumental timbres.
* Hector Berlioz"Dream of Witches' Sabbath" from Symphonie Fantastique. The violins and violas play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings .
* Heinrich Ignaz Franz von BiberBattalia (1673). The strings play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings, in addition to numerous other techniques.
* François-Adrien BoieldieuLe calife de Bagdad (opera, 1800), strings play col legno.
* Benjamin BrittenPassacaglia from Peter Grimes, rehearsal 6, "agitato", (pp. 16–17 of the score). The violins and violas play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings .
* John Cageprepared piano pieces (1938)
* Nicolas-Marie DalayracUne heure de mariage (opera, 1804). Strings use col legno.
* Pascal DusapinWatt, concerto for trombone and orchestra (1994). Features "ample use of extended techniques" .
* Carlo FarinaCapriccio stravagante (from Ander Theil newer Paduanen, Gagliarden, Couranten, französischen Arien, 1627). The violins play glissando, pizzicato, tremolo, and in double stops, and use particular effects such as col legno (striking the wood of the bow on the strings) and sul ponticello (bowing close to the bridge), in order to imitate the sounds of a cat, a dog, a hen, the lyre, clarino trumpet, military drum, Spanish guitar, etc. .
* Tobias Hume
* "Harke, Harke", from First Part of Ayres (1605). The viol da gamba plays col legno, with the instruction "Drum this with the back of your Bow" .
* Charles IvesConcord Sonata, use of a 14+3⁄4-inch-long (37 cm) piece of wood to create a cluster chord in the "Hawthorne" movement .
* Helmut LachenmannAfter TemA (1968), almost all works make extensive use of extended techniques.
* Gustav MahlerSymphony No. 1 in D major, third movement (p. 91 of the UE score) first violins, divisi a 3, play col legno tratto, stroking the strings with the wood of their bows .Symphony No. 2 in D major, first movement, bars 304–306, all the strings play col legno (some of the strings continue through 307), striking the wood of their bows on the strings.
* Camille Saint-SaënsDanse macabre, the strings play col legno to suggest the rattling of skeletons
* Arnold SchoenbergGurrelieder (1911), makes use of SprechstimmeDie glückliche Hand (1910–1913), makes use of SprechstimmePierrot Lunaire Op. 21 (1912) makes use of SprechstimmeMoses und Aron (1930–1932), makes use of SprechstimmeString Quartet No. 4, op. 37 (1936). Fourth movement (Allegro), bars 882–888, all four instruments play col legno battuto, col legno tratto, and col legno tratto ponticello, on single notes and in double stops, tremolo, and in harmonics .String Trio, op. 45 (1946). The violin and cello play col legno battuto; the violin plays col legno tratto in double stops; all the instruments play col legno tratto ponticello, double stops; violin and viola play col legno tratto ponticello in double stops, which are also played tremolo
* Igor StravinskyThe Firebird, the strings occasionally play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings
* Heitor Villa-LobosAssobio a játo (1950), requires the flute to play "imitando fischi in toni ascendenti" (imitating whistles in rising tones), accomplished by blowing into the embouchure fff "as if one were warming up the instrument on a cold day" .Chôros No. 8 (1925), for orchestra and two pianos, requires one or both of the pianos to insert paper between the strings for a passage . (en)
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- Blogs are not reliable sources; however, this blog does include a score excerpt, which probably should be cited instead. (en)
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- Piston, Walter. 1955. Orchestration. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. (en)
- Villa-Lobos, Heitor. 1953. Assobio a játo . New York: Southern Music Publishing Company, Inc. (en)
- Mosch, Ulrich. 2001. "Lachenmann, Helmut ". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Boyden, David D. 2001. "Col legno". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Berlioz, Hector. 1899. Episode de la vie d'un artiste: Symphonie fantastique en 5 parties, op. 14. Eulenburgs kleine Partitur-Ausgabe Nr. 422. Leipzig: Ernst Eulenburg. (en)
- Britten, Benjamin. 1945. Passacaglia, op. 33b, from the Opera Peter Grimes. Hawkes Pocket Scores no. 84. London: Boosey & Hawkes. (en)
- Schoenberg, Arnold. 1950. String Trio, Op. 45. Hillsdale, New York: Boelke-Bomart Publications. (en)
- Charlton, David. 2001. "Dalayrac [D’Alayrac], Nicolas-Marie". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Pace, Ian. 1997. "Never to Be Naught". The Musical Times 138, no. 1857 : 17–20. (en)
- Traficante, Frank. 2001. "Lyra [leero, leerow, liera, lyro] viol". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Kennedy, Michael. 2006. "Sprechgesang, Sprechstimme". The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (en)
- Marsh, Gregory and Elizabeth. 2016. "Col Legno". The Classy Musician Blog . (en)
- Pyron, Nona, and Aurelio Bianco. 2001. "Farina, Carlo". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Morrow, Michael, and Colette Harris. 2001. "Hume, Tobias". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Favre, Georges, and Thomas Betzwieser. 2001. "Boieldieu, Adrien". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. (en)
- Stravinsky, Igor. 1964. Zhar-ptitsa [The Firebird], Moscow: Gos. muzykal’noe izd-vo. (en)
- Bruh, Christopher. 2011. "The Transitive Multiverse of Charles Ives's 'Concord' Sonata". The Journal of Musicology 28, no. 2 : 166–94. (en)
- Villa-Lobos, Heitor. 1928. Chôros pour orchestre. Paris: Éditions Max Eschig. (en)
- Schoenberg, Arnold. 1939. Fourth String Quartet, Op. 37. G. Schirmer’s Edition of Study Scores of Orchestral Works and Chamber Music, no. 21. New York and London: G. Schirmer. (en)
- Latham, Alison . 2002. “Col legno”, in Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (en)
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- This is a list of musical compositions that employ extended techniques to obtain unusual sounds or instrumental timbres.
* Hector Berlioz"Dream of Witches' Sabbath" from Symphonie Fantastique. The violins and violas play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings .
* Heinrich Ignaz Franz von BiberBattalia (1673). The strings play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings, in addition to numerous other techniques.
* François-Adrien BoieldieuLe calife de Bagdad (opera, 1800), strings play col legno.
* Benjamin BrittenPassacaglia from Peter Grimes, rehearsal 6, "agitato", (pp. 16–17 of the score). The violins and violas play col legno, striking the wood of their bows on the strings .
* John Cageprepared piano pieces (1938)
* Nicola (en)
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- List of musical pieces which use extended techniques (en)
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