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- The Maphrian, originally known as the Grand Metropolitan of the East and also known as the Catholicos, was the head of the Maphrianate of the East and was the second highest-ranking prelate within the Syriac Orthodox Church, after the Patriarch of Antioch. The maphrianate originated in the formation of a distinct miaphysite ecclesiastical organisation in the Sasanian Empire after the ordination of Ahudemmeh as Grand Metropolitan of the East by Jacob Baradaeus in 559. However, it claimed to be the legitimate continuation of the Church of the East and counted patriarchs prior to the church's adoption of dyophysitism as its own. Sources disagree on the first to use the title of maphrian as Michael the Syrian's Chronicle gives John IV Saliba, who is believed to have adopted it in c. 1100, whereas Bar Hebraeus' Ecclesiastical History names Marutha of Tikrit as the first. A separate maphrianate of Tur Abdin under the authority of the Patriarch of Tur Abdin was established in c. 1479 and endured until 1844. Eventually, the Maphrianate of the East was abolished in 1860. A maphrianate in India was established in 1912, thereby creating the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, but was not recognised by the Syriac Orthodox Church until 1958. In 1975, Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III withdrew recognition of the maphrian Baselios Augen I, and appointed Baselios Paulose II as his successor. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church thus split from the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, which remained part of the Syriac Orthodox Church. (en)
- Liste des maphriens de l'Orient (primat du Maphrianat de l'Orient). (fr)
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- Liste des maphriens de l'Orient (primat du Maphrianat de l'Orient). (fr)
- The Maphrian, originally known as the Grand Metropolitan of the East and also known as the Catholicos, was the head of the Maphrianate of the East and was the second highest-ranking prelate within the Syriac Orthodox Church, after the Patriarch of Antioch. The maphrianate originated in the formation of a distinct miaphysite ecclesiastical organisation in the Sasanian Empire after the ordination of Ahudemmeh as Grand Metropolitan of the East by Jacob Baradaeus in 559. However, it claimed to be the legitimate continuation of the Church of the East and counted patriarchs prior to the church's adoption of dyophysitism as its own. Sources disagree on the first to use the title of maphrian as Michael the Syrian's Chronicle gives John IV Saliba, who is believed to have adopted it in c. 1100, wher (en)
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- Liste des maphriens de l'Orient (fr)
- List of maphrians (en)
- Lista de Mafrianos (pt)
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