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- In Kenya under British rule the kipande was an identity document which featured basic personal details, fingerprints, and an employment history. The of 1920 made it compulsory for African males above the age of 15. The effect of its adoption was to radically restrict the mobility of Africans. The main intent of the policy, supposedly, was to keep track of the labor pool efficiently. Kipande caused much resentment as all African males were required to wear it at all times around their necks. The word "Kipande" is also part of some Kenyan place names. (en)
- Di Kenya pada masa penjajahan Britania, kipande adalah dokumen identitas yang berisikan data pribadi, sidik jari, dan rekam jejak pekerjaan. tahun 1920 mewajibkan semua lelaki Afrika yang berumur di atas 15 tahun untuk memiliki kipande. Pada dasarnya aturan ini membatasi pergerakan orang Afrika. Kipande membuat kesal para lelaki Afrika yang harus selalu mengalungkannya di leher mereka. (in)
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- In Kenya under British rule the kipande was an identity document which featured basic personal details, fingerprints, and an employment history. The of 1920 made it compulsory for African males above the age of 15. The effect of its adoption was to radically restrict the mobility of Africans. The main intent of the policy, supposedly, was to keep track of the labor pool efficiently. Kipande caused much resentment as all African males were required to wear it at all times around their necks. The word "Kipande" is also part of some Kenyan place names. (en)
- Di Kenya pada masa penjajahan Britania, kipande adalah dokumen identitas yang berisikan data pribadi, sidik jari, dan rekam jejak pekerjaan. tahun 1920 mewajibkan semua lelaki Afrika yang berumur di atas 15 tahun untuk memiliki kipande. Pada dasarnya aturan ini membatasi pergerakan orang Afrika. Kipande membuat kesal para lelaki Afrika yang harus selalu mengalungkannya di leher mereka. (in)
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- Kipande (in)
- Kipande (en)
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