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- Les réformes Keiō (慶応の改革, Keiō no kaikaku) sont un ensemble de nouvelles mesures politiques mises en œuvre en 1866 par le shogunat Tokugawa du Japon. Ces réformes sont édictées en réaction à la montée de violence originaire du domaine de Satsuma en particulier et d'autres domaines en général. Les premières mesures prises durant cette période constituent une partie essentielle des réformes et changements réalisés durant le règne de l'empereur Meiji. (fr)
- The Keiō Reforms (慶応の改革, Keiō no kaikaku) were an array of new policies introduced in 1864 to 1867 by the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. The reforms were created in reaction to the rising violence on the part of Satsuma domain as well as other domains. The initial steps taken during this period became a key part of the reforms and changes made during the rule of Emperor Meiji. When the shōgun and Emperor happened to both die at the same time, the bakufu (shogunate government) created the Keiō Reform to keep Japan from falling into disunity or disarray. It Westernized many aspects of the system of bureaucracy, the military, and the economy, focusing on governmental promotions by merit (not by birth) and trade policies with other nations. The bakufu hoped that these Reforms would somehow end the Rebellions of Satsuma and Chōshū – which did not happen. The rebels did not wish to see the bakufu profit from these changes which were so close to the core of what the rebels had been fighting against all along. This reform period was preceded by three others during the Edo period: the Kyōhō reforms (1722–1730), the Kansei reforms (1787–1793) and the Tenpō reforms (1841–1843). (en)
- 慶応の改革（けいおうのかいかく）は、慶応2年（1866年）以後に江戸幕府15代将軍徳川慶喜によって行われた改革。結果的には江戸幕府最後の幕政改革となった。 (ja)
- As Reformas Keiō (慶応の改革 Keiō no kaikaku?) foram um conjunto de novas medidas políticas implementadas em 1866 pelo shogunato Tokugawa do Japão. Estes reformas foram promulgadas em resposta ao aumento da violência em particular no domínio de Satsuma, e noutros domínios do país. As primeiras medidas tomadas durante este período foram uma parte fulcral das reformas e alterações feitas durante o reinado do Imperador Meiji. (pt)
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- Les réformes Keiō (慶応の改革, Keiō no kaikaku) sont un ensemble de nouvelles mesures politiques mises en œuvre en 1866 par le shogunat Tokugawa du Japon. Ces réformes sont édictées en réaction à la montée de violence originaire du domaine de Satsuma en particulier et d'autres domaines en général. Les premières mesures prises durant cette période constituent une partie essentielle des réformes et changements réalisés durant le règne de l'empereur Meiji. (fr)
- 慶応の改革（けいおうのかいかく）は、慶応2年（1866年）以後に江戸幕府15代将軍徳川慶喜によって行われた改革。結果的には江戸幕府最後の幕政改革となった。 (ja)
- As Reformas Keiō (慶応の改革 Keiō no kaikaku?) foram um conjunto de novas medidas políticas implementadas em 1866 pelo shogunato Tokugawa do Japão. Estes reformas foram promulgadas em resposta ao aumento da violência em particular no domínio de Satsuma, e noutros domínios do país. As primeiras medidas tomadas durante este período foram uma parte fulcral das reformas e alterações feitas durante o reinado do Imperador Meiji. (pt)
- The Keiō Reforms (慶応の改革, Keiō no kaikaku) were an array of new policies introduced in 1864 to 1867 by the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. The reforms were created in reaction to the rising violence on the part of Satsuma domain as well as other domains. The initial steps taken during this period became a key part of the reforms and changes made during the rule of Emperor Meiji. This reform period was preceded by three others during the Edo period: the Kyōhō reforms (1722–1730), the Kansei reforms (1787–1793) and the Tenpō reforms (1841–1843). (en)
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- Réformes Keiō (fr)
- Keiō Reforms (en)
- 慶応の改革 (ja)
- Reformas Keiō (pt)
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