On April 12, 1978, Betty Gardner, a 33-year-old black woman, was sexually assaulted, tortured, and murdered during a racially-motivated hate crime in St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Gardner had been hitchhiking when she was picked up by four white people: cousins John Arnold and John Plath, and their girlfriends, Cindy Sheets and Carol Ullman. After dropping Gardner off, Arnold suggested to the group that they kill her. Gardner was then sexually assaulted, strangled, beaten, and stabbed to death. After the murder, Arnold carved the letters "KKK" into her body.