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- A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomic DNA. In this context, the standard genetic code is referred to as translation table 1. It can also be represented in a DNA codon table. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the sense DNA strand and are arranged in a 5′-to-3′ direction. Different tables with alternate codons are used depending on the source of the genetic code, such as from a cell nucleus, mitochondrion, plastid, or hydrogenosome. There are 64 different codons in the genetic code and the below tables; most specify an amino acid. Three sequences, UAG, UGA, and UAA, known as stop codons, do not code for an amino acid but instead signal the release of the nascent polypeptide from the ribosome. In the standard code, the sequence AUG—read as methionine—can serve as a start codon and, along with sequences such as an initiation factor, initiates translation. In rare instances, start codons in the standard code may also include GUG or UUG; these codons normally represent valine and leucine, respectively, but as start codons they are translated as methionine or formylmethionine. The first table—the standard table—can be used to translate nucleotide triplets into the corresponding amino acid or appropriate signal if it is a start or stop codon. The second table, appropriately called the inverse, does the opposite: it can be used to deduce a possible triplet code if the amino acid is known. As multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's (IUPAC) nucleic acid notation is given in some instances. (en)
- 传统上，遗传密码以RNA密码子表的形式表示；这是因为在细胞核糖体制造蛋白质时，指导合成蛋白质的是信使RNA。信使RNA的序列则由基因组DNA确定。随着计算生物学和基因组学的兴起，现今可在DNA水平上发现大多数基因，因此DNA密码子表变得愈加有用。下表中的DNA密码子存在于有义DNA链上，并以5’端→3’端的方向排列。 密码子ATG同时编码甲硫氨酸并作为起始点：在信使RNA的编码区里，首个ATG的出现标志着蛋白质翻译的开始。B 标示终止密码子为琥珀、赭石和蛋白石的历史原因可在悉尼·布伦纳（Sydney Brenner）的自传和鲍勃·埃德加（Bob Edgar）的一篇历史性文章中找到。 (zh)
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- A double helix is situated horizontally. The helix contains vertical letter pairs that represent the base pairs within DNA. The bottom letter of each pair is written below the helix. These letters are in groups of three . Beneath each triplet is an arrow pointing to the corresponding amino acid. For example, an arrow points from "GCA" to Alanine. (en)
- A circular diagram is separated into three rings, broken down into sections labeled with the letters: G, U, A, and C. Each represents a nucleotide found in RNA. The center ring is divided into four areas marked with a unique letter. The second ring is divided into 16 sections also labeled with a nucleotide. They are organized so that the outer edge of the central letters touches four unique nucleotides. The third outer ring, divided into 64 sections labeled with a nucleotide, repeats this. Amino acids are placed outside of the circular diagram and are in contact with specific nucleotides. Using this diagram, one can connect a sequence of three nucleotides with a specific amino acid. For example, given "GUC", one can follow contigous sections of the rings from the center to the outside: from G to U and U to C. This leads the user to the amino acid Alanine. (en)
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- The standard RNA codon table organized in a wheel (en)
- Another standard codon table, wheel view, with each amino acid and amino acid class highlighted. (en)
- The three consecutive DNA bases, called nucleotide triplets or codons, are translated into amino acids . (en)
- A standard codon table, wheel view, fixed on the second codon position which is strongly associated with amino acid type. (en)
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- Aminoacids table.svg (en)
- DNA translation example.jpg (en)
- GeneticCode21-landscape-2nd-pos.svg (en)
- GeneticCode21.svg (en)
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- 传统上，遗传密码以RNA密码子表的形式表示；这是因为在细胞核糖体制造蛋白质时，指导合成蛋白质的是信使RNA。信使RNA的序列则由基因组DNA确定。随着计算生物学和基因组学的兴起，现今可在DNA水平上发现大多数基因，因此DNA密码子表变得愈加有用。下表中的DNA密码子存在于有义DNA链上，并以5’端→3’端的方向排列。 密码子ATG同时编码甲硫氨酸并作为起始点：在信使RNA的编码区里，首个ATG的出现标志着蛋白质翻译的开始。B 标示终止密码子为琥珀、赭石和蛋白石的历史原因可在悉尼·布伦纳（Sydney Brenner）的自传和鲍勃·埃德加（Bob Edgar）的一篇历史性文章中找到。 (zh)
- A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. The mRNA sequence is determined by the sequence of genomic DNA. In this context, the standard genetic code is referred to as translation table 1. It can also be represented in a DNA codon table. The DNA codons in such tables occur on the sense DNA strand and are arranged in a 5′-to-3′ direction. Different tables with alternate codons are used depending on the source of the genetic code, such as from a cell nucleus, mitochondrion, plastid, or hydrogenosome. (en)
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- DNA and RNA codon tables (en)
- DNA密码子表 (zh)
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