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- Hūlun (Chinese: 扈倫) was a powerful alliance of Jurchen tribes in the late 16th century, based primarily in modern Jilin province of China. The Hūlun alliance was formed by Wan (d. 1582), the leader of the Hada tribal federation, which had drawn its importance from the control of commerce between the late-Ming Liaodong and Jurchen tribes to the east via Pass (east of Kaiyuan, which is located near the northern tip of today's Liaoning Province). Besides the Hada themselves, the Hūlun included three other tribal federations, known as Ula, Yehe, and . While the Hūlun people were mostly of Jurchen origin, they had been heavily influenced by the Mongol language and culture, and intermarried with the neighboring Khorchin and Kharchin Mongols. Therefore, were viewed by their southern neighbors – Jianzhou Jurchens, which were in the late 16th century led by Nurhaci – as Monggo ("Mongols"). The Hūlun khan Wan aspired to paramount leadership in the region, establishing a network of political and business relations with Jurchen and Mongol leaders, as well as with the Ming governor of Liaodong, Li Chengliang. Nurhaci, the chief of the Jianzhou Jurchens, was Wan's son-in-law, and, in Pamela Crossley's view, viewed Wan and his Hūlun as role models for himself and his Later Jin dynasty in northeastern China. Many years later, long after Hong Taiji had renamed Jurchens to Manchus, and both Wan and Nurhaci were dead, Qing historians referred to Wan as one of the first great leaders of the "Manchu nations". In the closing years of the 16th century, Hūlun tribes started recognizing Nurhaci's supremacy although, in some cases, the Nurhaci-appointed chief of a tribe would then try to assert his independence, and a new war would result, as it was the case with Bujantai, the leader of the Ula. Eventually, all four tribes were fully incorporated into Nurhaci's empire (Hada 1601, Hoifa 1607, Ula 1613, Yehe 1619). (en)
- L'alliance Hūlun (mandchou : ᡥᡡᠯᡠᠨᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨᡳ, translit. Hūlun Gurun ; chinois simplifié : 扈伦孟 ; chinois traditionnel : 扈倫孟 ; pinyin : hùlún mèng) désigne une importante confédération des tribus Jürchen, ayant existé entre la fin du XVIe siècle et 1919, sise principalement dans ce qui constitue aujourd'hui la province de Jilin en Chine. L'alliance Hūlun se forme à l'initiative de Wan (mort en 1582), chef de la fédération tribale Hada, qui tire son importance du contrôle du commerce entre le Liaodong de la dynastie Ming et les tribus Jürchen à l'est par le col (à l'est de Kaiyuan, qui se situe près de l'extrémité nord de la province actuelle du Liaoning). Outre les Hada, l'alliance Hūlun inclut trois autres fédérations tribales, connues sous les noms Ula, Yehe et Hoifa. Bien que principalement d'origine jürchen, les Hūlun sont fortement influencés par la langue et la culture mongole et s'unissent avec les tribus Khorchins et Qaracin. Leurs voisins méridionaux, les Jürchens Jianzhou dirigés à la fin du XVIe siècle par Nurhachi, les considèrent ainsi comme Mongols (« Monggo »). Le khan Hūlun Wan aspire au commandement suprême dans la région, tissant un réseau de relations politiques et économiques avec les chefs Jürchen et Mongols voisins, ainsi qu'avec le gouverneur Ming du Liaodong, Li Chengliang. Nurhachi, chef des Jürchen Jianzhou, et beau-fils de Wan considérait, d'après l'historienne (en), Wan et son alliance Hūlun comme un modèle pour son empire des Jin postérieur. De nombreuses années plus tard, bien après la mort de Wan et Nurhachi et le changement de nom des Jürchen en Mandchous par Huang Taiji, les historiens de la dynastie Qing mentionnent Wan comme le premier des grands chefs des « nations mandchoues ». Au cours des dernières années du XVIe siècle, les tribus Hūlun finissent par reconnaître la suprématie de Nurhachi, bien que dans certains cas les chefs de tribu nommés par Nurhachi tentent de reprendre leur indépendance, entraînant un conflit ; c'est le cas par exemple avec Bujantai, chef des Ula. Finalement, les quatre tribus sont totalement incorporées dans l'empire de Nurhachi : les Hada en 1601, les Hoifa en 1607, les Ula en 1613 et les Yehe en 1619. (fr)
- 후룬 구룬(만주어: ᡥᡡᠯᡠᠨᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨᡳ Hūlun Gurun)은 하다, 우라, 예허, 호이파 네 부족에 대한 총칭이자, 네 부족으로 분열하기 전 해서여진의 초기 국가를 가리킨다. (ko)
- Hūlun (扈倫T) fu una potente alleanza di tribù Jurchen del tardo XVI secolo, nell'attuale provincia di Jilin in Cina. (it)
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- 후룬 구룬(만주어: ᡥᡡᠯᡠᠨᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨᡳ Hūlun Gurun)은 하다, 우라, 예허, 호이파 네 부족에 대한 총칭이자, 네 부족으로 분열하기 전 해서여진의 초기 국가를 가리킨다. (ko)
- Hūlun (扈倫T) fu una potente alleanza di tribù Jurchen del tardo XVI secolo, nell'attuale provincia di Jilin in Cina. (it)
- Hūlun (Chinese: 扈倫) was a powerful alliance of Jurchen tribes in the late 16th century, based primarily in modern Jilin province of China. The Hūlun alliance was formed by Wan (d. 1582), the leader of the Hada tribal federation, which had drawn its importance from the control of commerce between the late-Ming Liaodong and Jurchen tribes to the east via Pass (east of Kaiyuan, which is located near the northern tip of today's Liaoning Province). Besides the Hada themselves, the Hūlun included three other tribal federations, known as Ula, Yehe, and . (en)
- L'alliance Hūlun (mandchou : ᡥᡡᠯᡠᠨᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨᡳ, translit. Hūlun Gurun ; chinois simplifié : 扈伦孟 ; chinois traditionnel : 扈倫孟 ; pinyin : hùlún mèng) désigne une importante confédération des tribus Jürchen, ayant existé entre la fin du XVIe siècle et 1919, sise principalement dans ce qui constitue aujourd'hui la province de Jilin en Chine. Le khan Hūlun Wan aspire au commandement suprême dans la région, tissant un réseau de relations politiques et économiques avec les chefs Jürchen et Mongols voisins, ainsi qu'avec le gouverneur Ming du Liaodong, Li Chengliang. (fr)
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