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- The penny of Great Britain and the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901, the period in which the House of Hanover reigned, saw the transformation of the penny from a little-used small silver coin to the bronze piece recognisable to modern-day Britons. All bear the portrait of the monarch on the obverse; copper and bronze pennies have a depiction of Britannia, the female personification of Britain, on the reverse. During most of the 18th century, the penny was a small silver coin rarely seen in circulation, and that was principally struck to be used for Maundy money or other royal charity. Beginning in 1787, the chronic shortage of good money resulted in the wide circulation of private tokens, including large coppers valued at one penny. In 1797 industrialist Matthew Boulton gained a contract to produce official pennies at his Soho Mint in Birmingham; he struck millions of pennies over the next decade. After that, it was not until 1825 that pennies were struck again for circulation, and the copper penny continued to be issued until 1860. By the late 1850s, the state of the copper coinage was deemed unsatisfactory, with quantities of worn oversized pieces, some dating from Boulton's day, still circulating. They were replaced by lighter bronze coins beginning in 1860; the "Bun penny", named for the hairstyle of Queen Victoria on it, was issued from then until 1894. The final years of Victoria's reign saw the "Veiled head" or "Old head" pennies, which were coined from 1895 until her death in 1901. (en)
- 从1714年到1901年，也就是汉诺威王朝统治时期，大不列颠王国和英国硬币的历史见证了一便士的发展进程：它由鲜少使用的小银币转变为现代英国人广泛使用的铜币。所有硬币的都印有君主的肖像，而铜币和青铜币的反面都印有不列颠尼亚女神的肖像，象征着英国女性的化身。 在18世纪的大部分时间里，一便士作为一种小银币，主要是被用作于或其他皇室慈善，很少在市面上流通。因此从1787年开始，市面上硬币的长期缺失并由此导致广泛流通，其中还包括价值一便士的大铜币。1797年，实业家马修·博尔顿在伯明翰的签订了一份生产官方硬币的合同；在接下来的十年里，他赚了数百万美元。此后，直到1825年，一便士的铜币才再次发行，且一直延续至1860年。 到了19世纪50年代末，铜币的状况变得不尽如人意：市面上大量流通着磨损严重的大铜币，其中有一些甚至可以追溯到博尔顿时代。从1860年开始，它们被较轻的青铜硬币所取代。以维多利亚女王发型命名的“发髻硬币”从那时起一直发行至1894年，到了女王统治的最后几年还出现了“戴面纱的头像”或“老人头像”硬币，这些硬币于1895年问世，直到1901年女王去世才停止铸造。 (zh)
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