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- Ghorbati (self-designations also Mugat and Hadurgar) is an ethnic group, an originally nomadic community in Iran and Afghanistan, as well as Central Asia where they are part of the various communities termed Lyuli. They are widespread in Iran, from where they have migrated to other regions over the centuries. Many are Shia, with a significant Sunni minority. They either trace their ancestry to Sassanid Persia, or to Arabs, including Syeds. In 1976–77, the Ghorbati in Afghanistan numbered 1,000 families (ca. 5,000 people). Some settled in Peshawar, Pakistan. Some subgroups are connected to the Basseri and Qashqai tribes. Their traditional occupations include carpentry, smithery, peddling, manufacturing and sale of small goods of domestic use, prayer-writing and livestock dealing. Older women also practiced fortune telling and healing. Because of female participation in the workforce, which goes against the established gender norms of the region, they are looked down upon by non-Ghorbat. The sieve-makers are known as Ghalbelbaf and Chighalbaf in Afghanistan, Kalbilbof in Tajikistan and Ghirbalband in Iran. Some also had government jobs or performed in religious roles. Overall, their position in Afghan society was quite low but they were Afghan citizens, held ID cards and were conscripted, unlike the related Mugat “Jogi” community. Their mother tongue is Persian but they also have a jargon that they consider to be their own called Ghorbati (see article Persian-Romani), which is a secret language with a heavy Persian base, also known as Mogadi (in Shiraz), Magadi (in Herat) and Qazulagi (in Kabul). This vocabulary contains many Semitic words, with a few Domari and other terms. Historically, they were part of the Banu Sassan, a medieval Islamic guild of beggars, rogues, criminals, charlatans, entertainers, tricksters, astrologers, Sufis and preachers, which comprised the group with the highest status. They were of heterogeneous ethnic origin. The name Ghorbat seems to have originated from the Banu Sassan, when they renamed themselves Bani Al Ghuraba’ (the tribe of Exile). The modern Ghorbati vocabulary can be traced back to them. However, they have mainly been confused with the Dom people because the latter are known as Qurbat or Kurbat (Arabic: قرباط/كربات), which is an entirely different name, although it appears similar to Ghorbat (Persian: غربت). However, this is cognate with the Romani name Gurbeti, although there is no proof of any historical connection between these groups, and the Ghorbati are believed to be nomads to who travelled eastwards, rather than being of Indian origin like the Koli, Roma and Dom. They are distinct from the Koli, although in some regions the terms “koli” and “ghorbati” overlap as they are used as general epithets for all “Gypsy-like” communities regardless of the community’s own designation, and can be very pejorative. The slur “ghorbati” has even been used for people displaced during the Iran-Iraq war. It can thus become difficult to identify the “true” Ghorbati and the “true” Koli. Ghorbats from Iran have also migrated to Maharashtra and other parts of India in the 1970s, although some subgroups were already present in Mughal India since the 16th century. The name is also spelled Ghorbat, Gurbat, Ghurbati, Qorbat. They are a severely marginalised minority in Iran, suffering from a range of social problems. Many do not hold ID cards. Some Iranians consider the Ghorbati Il-e Fiuj community to be “Pakistani mafia”. (en)
- Ghorbati é um grupo étnico do Afeganistão, que vive disperso. A maioria fala uma língua chamada ghorbati ou , que pertence ao grupo iraniano da família linguística indo-europeia. Alguns falam uma língua não especificada chamada de magadi. Praticamente todos os ghorbati adultos são bilingues ou trilingues, utilizando o pashto ou dari (o persa falado no Afeganistão), além de sua própria língua. Os ghorbati são muçulmanos xiitas. Segundo algumas fontes, alguns deles são sunitas da escola de Hanafi. São itinerantes, ou seja, nômades não pastores. A principal ocupação é o comércio. (pt)
- 高北人(Ghorbati)是分布於中東至歐洲東南巴爾幹地區的流浪民族, 因為他們生活有遊走的特性, 同族婚姻, 以及社會地位較低, 常被視為吉普賽人(羅姆人). 高北人的稱呼在阿拉伯語與波斯語中有許多種, 大多可能是形容放逐的人, 或是陌生的人, 包括: Gorbat, Ghorbat, Ghorbati, Ghurbat, Ghurbati, Gurbati, Gurbet, Khulwati, Kurbat, Qorbat, Qorbati, Qulwati, Qurbati, 和Yurvat. 在阿富汗境內的高北人被稱為Jat,有貶抑之意. 土耳其語Gurbet意為"移民者". 巴爾幹地區的塞爾維亞語Gurbet意為"流浪的吉普賽人", 當地稱呼Gurbet或Kurbet也都是指"臨時的移民勞工". Ghorbati稱呼來自於阿拉伯語Gharib,意指陌生的人, 或是來自於Kurbat城的人. (zh)
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- Ghorbati é um grupo étnico do Afeganistão, que vive disperso. A maioria fala uma língua chamada ghorbati ou , que pertence ao grupo iraniano da família linguística indo-europeia. Alguns falam uma língua não especificada chamada de magadi. Praticamente todos os ghorbati adultos são bilingues ou trilingues, utilizando o pashto ou dari (o persa falado no Afeganistão), além de sua própria língua. Os ghorbati são muçulmanos xiitas. Segundo algumas fontes, alguns deles são sunitas da escola de Hanafi. São itinerantes, ou seja, nômades não pastores. A principal ocupação é o comércio. (pt)
- 高北人(Ghorbati)是分布於中東至歐洲東南巴爾幹地區的流浪民族, 因為他們生活有遊走的特性, 同族婚姻, 以及社會地位較低, 常被視為吉普賽人(羅姆人). 高北人的稱呼在阿拉伯語與波斯語中有許多種, 大多可能是形容放逐的人, 或是陌生的人, 包括: Gorbat, Ghorbat, Ghorbati, Ghurbat, Ghurbati, Gurbati, Gurbet, Khulwati, Kurbat, Qorbat, Qorbati, Qulwati, Qurbati, 和Yurvat. 在阿富汗境內的高北人被稱為Jat,有貶抑之意. 土耳其語Gurbet意為"移民者". 巴爾幹地區的塞爾維亞語Gurbet意為"流浪的吉普賽人", 當地稱呼Gurbet或Kurbet也都是指"臨時的移民勞工". Ghorbati稱呼來自於阿拉伯語Gharib,意指陌生的人, 或是來自於Kurbat城的人. (zh)
- Ghorbati (self-designations also Mugat and Hadurgar) is an ethnic group, an originally nomadic community in Iran and Afghanistan, as well as Central Asia where they are part of the various communities termed Lyuli. They are widespread in Iran, from where they have migrated to other regions over the centuries. Many are Shia, with a significant Sunni minority. They either trace their ancestry to Sassanid Persia, or to Arabs, including Syeds. In 1976–77, the Ghorbati in Afghanistan numbered 1,000 families (ca. 5,000 people). Some settled in Peshawar, Pakistan. Some subgroups are connected to the Basseri and Qashqai tribes. (en)
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